* CHAPTER - 7

CONTROL AND
COORDINATION

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* 1a) Stimuli :-
The changes in the environment to which
living organisms respond are called stimuli.
Eg :- heat, cold, sound, smell, taste, touch,
pressure, gravity, water etc.
Living organisms respond to stimuli in the form
of body movements.
b) Coordination :-
For a proper response to a stimulus many
organs in the body should work together. The
working together of various organs in an
organism to produce a proper response to a
stimulus is called coordination.
i) In animals control and co ordination is done by
the nervous system and endocrine system.
ii) In plants control and co ordination is done by
chemical substances called plant hormones or
 * 2) Coordination in animals :-
In animals control and co ordination is done by the nervous system
and endocrine system.
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
a) Receptors :- are the sense organs which receive the stimuli and
pass the message to the brain or spinal cord through the sensory
nerves.
Eg :- Photoreceptors in the eyes to detect light.
Phonoreceptors in the ears to detect sound.
Olfactory receptors in the nose to detect smell.
Gustatory receptors in the tongue to detect taste.
Tangoreceptors in the skin to detect touch.
b) Effectors :- are the muscles and glands which respond to the
information from the brain and spinal cord through the motor nerves.
c) Sensory nerves :- are nerves which carry information from the
receptors (sense organs) to the brain and spinal cord.
d) Motor nerves :- are nerves which carry information from the brain
and spinal cord to the effectors (muscles and glands).
 * HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM

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 * 3) Human nervous system :-
a) Parts of the nervous system :-
The human nervous system consists of the Central
Nervous System
and Peripheral Nervous System.
i) The central nervous system :- consists of the brain,
and spinal
cord.
ii) The peripheral nervous system:- consists of cranial
nerves
arising from the brain and spinal nerves arising from the
spinal cord.

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 * CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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 * PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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* b) Nerve cell (Neuron) :-
Neuron is the structural and functional unit of the
nervous system. It has a cell body called cyton containing a
nucleus and cytoplasm. It has several branched structures
called dendrites. It has a long nerve fibre called axon which
is covered by a protective covering called Myelin sheath.
The junction between two neurons is called synapse.
Messages pass through the nerve cell in the form of
chemical and electrical signals called nerve impulse. The
dendrites receive the information and starts a chemical
reaction which produce electrical impulse which passes
through the axon.
* Structure of neuron (Nerve cell)

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* Transmission of messages through neurons

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 * The
c) Brain :-
brain is the main coordinating centre in the human body. It is
protected by the cranium. It is covered by three membranes called
meninges filled with a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid which protects
the brain from shocks.
The brain has three main parts. They are fore brain, mid brain and
hind brain.

i) Fore brain :- consists of the cerebrum and olfactory lobes. It is the

thinking part of the brain and controls voluntary actions. It controls
touch, smell, hearing, taste, sight, mental activities like thinking,
learning, memory, emotions etc.

ii) Mid brain :- controls involuntary actions and reflex movements of

head, neck, eyes etc.

iii) Hind brain :- consists of cerebellum, pons and medulla.

Cerebellum :- controls body movements, balance and posture.
Pons :- controls respiration.
Medulla :- controls heart beat, blood pressure, swallowing,
coughing,
sneezing, vomitting etc.
 * HUMAN BRAIN

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 * d) Spinal cord :-
The spinal cord starts from the brain and
extends through the vertebral column. It has 31
pairs of spinal nerves.
It carries messages to and from the brain. It
also controls reflex actions.

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*Cervical nerves (C1-C8): Innervate the
neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and parts
of the head.
*Thoracic nerves (T1-T12): Supply the
chest and abdominal muscles, as well as
some parts of the back.
*Lumbar nerves (L1-L5): Serve the lower
back, abdomen, buttocks, thighs, and
lower legs.
*Sacral nerves (S1-S5): Innervate the
pelvis, genitals, buttocks, and parts of
the legs.
*Coccygeal nerve: Innervates a small area
around the tailbone.
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* 4a) Reflex action :-
Reflex action is a sudden, unconcious and
involuntary response of the effectors to a
stimulus.
Eg :- We suddenly withdraw our hand if we
suddenly touch a hot object.
In this reflex action, the nerves in the skin
(receptor) detects the heat and passes the
message through the sensory nerves to the
spinal cord. Then the information passes through
the motor nerves to the muscles (effector) of the
hand and we withdraw our hand.
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 * REFLEX ACTION

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* b) Reflex arc :-
The pathway of a reflex action is called reflex
arc. In a reflex arc the stimulus is received by the
receptors (sense organs) and it passes through
the sensory nerves to the spinal cord. From the
spinal cord the information passes through the
motor nerves to the effectors (muscles/glands) for
the response.
Stimulus
Receptors Sensory nerves
(Sense organ)
Spinal cord

Effectors Motor nerves

(Muscles/Glands)
Response
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* 5) Coordination in plants :-
In plants control and coordination is done by chemical
substances called plant hormones or phytohormones.
There are five main types of plant hormones. They
are :-
Auxins, Gibberillins, Cytokinins, Abscisic acid and
Ethylene.

i) Auxins :- help in cell division, cell elongation and

growth.

ii) Gibberillins :- help in growth of stem and branches.

iii) Cytokinins:- help in cell division, formation of fruits

and
seeds.

iv) Abscisic acid :- inhibits growth and affects wilting of

leaves.

vi) Ethylene :- helps in flowering and ripening of fruits.

*Movements
6) Movements in plants :-
in plants are of two main types. They are :-Tropic
movements and Nastic movements.
a) Tropic movements :- are directional movements towards or
away from the stimulus and it depends on growth. They are of
different types like Phototropism, Geotropism, Chemotropism,
Hydrotropism etc.

i) Phototropism :- is movement of plants in response to light. If it is

towards light, it is called positive phototropism. Eg:- Bending of
shoot towards light. If it is away from light, it is called negative
phototropism. Eg:- Bending of root away from light.

ii) Geotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to gravity. If

it is
towards gravity it is called positive geotropism. Eg:- Downward

growth of roots. If it is away from gravity it is called negative

geotropism. Eg:- Upward growth of shoot.

iii) Chemotropism :- is movement of plant in response to chemical

stimuli. Eg:- Growth of pollen tube towards the ovule.

iv) Hydrotropism :- is the movement of plants in response to water.

Eg :- Growth of roots towards water.
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b) Nastic movements :- are non directional movements
which
are neither towards or away from the stimulus and it
does not
depend on growth.
Eg :- If we touch the leaves of touch me not plant, its
leaves fold up
and droops down immediately due to the change in the
amount of
water in the leaves. Depending upon the amount of
water in the
leaves, it swells or shrinks.

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* ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN HUMAN
BEINGS

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 * 7) Endocrine glands in human beings :-
The endocrine glands also help in control and coordination. The
endocrine
glands produce chemical substances which help to control and
coordinate
various activities in the body.

The endocrine glands in our body are :-

Pituitary Gland:
Hormones: Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH),
Roles: Regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, and controles
various other endocrine glands.
Thyroid Gland:
Hormones: Thyroxine and Calcitonin
Roles: Regulates metabolism, growth, and development. Calcitonin
helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.
Adrenal Gland:
Hormones: Adrenaline ,Aldosterone,
Roles: Adrenaline regulates stress levels; aldosterone: regulates
salt and water balance.
*Pancreas:Hormone: Insulin
*Role:Insulin regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating
the uptake of glucose into cells for energy or storage.

*Pineal Gland: Hormone : Melatonin.

*Role: Regulates sleep-wake cycles.
*Ovaries (in females):
*Hormones: Estrogen, progesterone.
*Roles: Regulate menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and
secondary sexual characteristics.

*Testes (in males):

*Hormone: Testosterone.
*Roles: Regulates sperm production, secondary sexual
characteristics

*Hypothalamus
*Role: Regulates hormone secretion throughout the body