SAN MIGUEL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

MECHANIS
MS OF
EVOLUTION
GROUP
3
 PRAYER
Jesus Christ,
Thank You for another life to enjoy,
another day to learn, and a new set of
things we will experience. As we go
through our lessons today, may let us be
instruments to do good things. Help us be
obedient, honest, and kind to one
another.
Amen.
ICE BREAKER

JUMP
OR

CLAP
PRE-TEST
 PRE-TEST
• What is the difference between micro- and
macroevolution?

a. Microevolution describes the evolution of small organisms,

such as insects, while macroevolution describes the evolution
of large organisms, like people and elephants

b. Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms in

populations, while macroevolution describes the evolution of
species over long periods of time.
2. Population genetics deals with
a. how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over
time b. the genetic basis of population-wide traits
c. whether traits have genetic basis
d. degree of interbreeding in a population

3. One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that
came from Europe. The ship’s captain, who had polydactyly, a rare
dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much
higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an
example of:
a. natural selection
b. genetic drift
c. founder effect
d. b and c
4. Which of the following evolutionary forces can introduce new genetic
variation into a population?
a. natural selection and genetic drift
b. mutation and gene flow
c. natural selection and nonrandom mating
d. mutation and gene flow

5. This mechanism of evolution is affected by chance

a. Gene pool
b. Genetic Drift
c. genetic structure
d. Founder effect
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to:

• Demonstrate understanding of Relevance, Mechanisms,
Evidence/Bases, and Theories of Evolution
• Make a diagram (e.g., pictogram, poster) showing the
evolution of domesticated crop.
• Explain the mechanisms that produce change in populations
from generation to generation (e.g., artificial selection, natural
selection, genetic drift, mutation, recombination)
• Understand and describe the features of early Earth; and
• Understand the theories on the how life could have emerged.
REVIEW
 Theories on the
emergence of life:
• Emergence of organic
molecules from inorganic
molecules
• Abiotic synthesis of
macromolecules
• Protocells
• Self-replicating DNA
MECHANISMS
OF
EVOLUTION
 MECHANISMS THAT
PRODUCE CHANGE IN
POPUL ATIONS FROM
GE NERATION TO
•All living organism GE NERATION
on Earth is related to one another.
• Theory of evolution- all living organisms have a common
ancestor, but because of millions of years of evolution, each of
the organisms became what they are today.
• Natural selection- encourage traits and behaviors that increase
the likelihood of an organism’s chance for survival and
reproduction, while eradicating those traits and behaviors that
are disadvantageous to the organism.
 NAT U RA L
S E LE CT I ON:
OBSERVATION OF
RESEARCHERS
• There was a small supply of small, soft
seeds
• Finches fed on seeds so the birds with
larger, deeper beaks were in dominance
during that time, because they were able to
crack and eat these larger seeds, and they
survived at a higher rate than finches with
smaller beaks.
• Since this trait, beak depth, is an
inheritable trait, the average beak depth in
the next generation of G. fortis was far
 OBSERVATION OF
RESEARCHERS
• Natural selection acted upon this incident.
• Individual finches did not evolve, each bird’s particular beak
size did not increase
• the proportion of large beaks increased from generation to
generation.
• The small-scale evolution evident in this event is
microevolution, the overtime change in populations.
• Macroevolutions- is the process that gave rise to new
species and higher taxonomic groups with widely divergent
characters.
 PR OPONE NT OF
N AT U RAL SE LE CTION
• Charles Darwin
T he t he ory of e v o l u t i on i s a
s ho rt e ne d form o f t h e t e rm
“t he ory of e v ol u t i o n b y
n a t ura l se le cti o n, ” w h i c h
w a s p rop ose d b y Ch a rl e s
Da rw in a nd Al fre d Rus s e l
Wa l l a ce in the ni n e t e e n t h
ce n t ury.
 NAT U RA L
S E LE CT I ON:
 The force that we can attribute
novel traits and behaviors is
mutation. Mutation and other
sources of variation among
individuals, as well as the
evolutionary forces that act upon
them, modify populations and
 MISCONCEPTION AND
TRUTH ABOUT
EVOLUTION
Misconception- it acts upon individual organisms
Truth- they act on the traits that will greatly
affect the survivability and reproduction of
individual organisms, the impact of this force in
an organism’s population is observable over
time.
 NAT U RA L
S E LE CT I ON:
 POPU L AT I ON G ENET I CS
Population genetics- is the study of the genetic
composition of populations, including distributions and
changes in genotype and phenotype frequency in
response to the processes of natural selection, genetic
drift, mutation and gene flow.

Gene has several different alleles that code for the

different traits that is linked with the character.
Example: ABO blood group system in humans- three alleles determine
the particular blood-type protein on the surface of red blood cells.
 POPU L ATI ON GE NE TICS

• Genotype: the set of genes in our DNA which is

responsible for a particular trait.
• Phenotype: is the physical expression, or
characteristics, of that trait.
• Alleles: one of two or more versions of DNA
sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at
a given genomic location.
 POPU L AT I ON G ENET I CS
ALLELES EXAMPLE:
 POPU L AT I ON G ENET I CS
Allele frequency- rate at which a specific allele
appears within a population.
POPU L ATION GENETICS
 THE
MECHANIS
MS OF
EVOLUTION
:
 THE MECHANISMS OF
E VO LU T I O N :
G ENETIC ART I F ICIAL
DRIFT S ELEC TION

G ENE R EC OM BINATI
FLOW ON

M UTATIO NAT URAL

N S ELEC TIO
N
NON-
RANDOM
 G EN ET I C DR I FT

Genetic drift - refers to random fluctuations in the

frequencies of alleles from generation to generation due
to chance events.

Genetic drift can cause traits to be dominant or disappear

from a population. The effects of genetic drift are most
pronounced in small populations.
 G EN ET I C DR I FT
Some individuals in a population are more likely to survive longer
and have more offspring than others, thus, they will pass on more
of their genes to the next generation.

Example: Hypothesize a plant that produces blue or yellow flowers. If the yellow
flowers are destroyed in a fire and the blue allele is the dominant one, the plant will
produce only blue flowers.

The gene pool is affected by genetic drift is simply due to chance.

 POPU L AT I ON G ENET I CS
Genetic drift Example:

Consider a population of rabbits

with brown fur and white fur,
white fur being the dominant
allele. Due to genetic drift, only
the brown population might
remain, with all the white ones
eliminated. A couple with brown
and blue eyes has children with
brown or blue eyes.
 • Small populations are more affected by this force
• large populations are not that affected as there is a buffer against
the effect of chance. This force, unlike natural selection does not
choose which trait will benefit the organisms more.

Natural disasters that kill at random a large population, can

magnify genetic drift, known as the bottleneck effect. This result to
suddenly wiping out of a huge portion of the genome, an organism’s
complete set of genetic instructions. The population’s entire genetic
structure is dependent of its survivors, which is very different from the
pre-disaster population.
 Founder effect- some portion of the population leaves to start
a new population in a new location or if a physical barrier divides a
population.
- occurs when the genetic structure changes to match that of
the new population’s founding fathers and mothers.
 TYPES OF GENETIC
DRIFT
Bottleneck Effect- also known as a population
bottleneck, is when a species goes through an
event that suddenly and significantly reduces its
population.

• This is observed during natural disasters like

volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, etc., leading to
the death of most of the population.
• In the bottleneck effect, the population size
severely decreases due to competition, predators,
 TYPES OF GENETIC
DRIFT
Founder Effect-In the founder effect, a new
population is founded in a new location due to
physical or geographical barriers.

The new population formed does not interact and

mate with the original population.

As a result, the allelic frequencies of the new

population will be different from the original
population.
 Founder Effect POPU L AT ION
G EN ETICS
Example:

The wolves are

separated from their
pack by being released
in a new area and then
established a new
population
G EN ET I C DR I FT
 G EN E F LOW

• Also called migration-is any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic

material they carry, from one population to another.
• flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of
individuals or gametes
• is the movement of genes from one population to another population
• Gene flow includes lots of different kinds of events, such as pollen being
blown to a new destination or people moving to new cities or countries.
 G EN E F LOW

• Gene flow occurs when individuals migrate from one

population to another.
• Gene flow increases variations in the population.
• An effective sharing of traits happens when one
migrates and interbreeds with the individuals of
newly found population. Often, this results to an
increase in the intermediate phenotypes in
the population.
 MUTATION
• Changes that occur to an organism’s DNA and are very important
driver of diversity in populations. Any change in the structure of
chromosomesand gene composition is called mutation.

• There are several agents for mutation (mutagens) like ultraviolet

radiation and hazardous chemicals in the environment. These
mutagens can
change the information stored in individuals’ chromosomes or genes.

• Therefore, when mutation occurs, the appearance of individuals in the

population changes, and the gene pool becomes different from the
original population.
 MUTATION
• A Mutation occurs when a DNA gene is damaged or changed in such a
way as to alter the genetic message carried by that gene. A Mutagen is
an agent of substance that can bring about a permanent alteration to
the physical composition of a DNA gene such that the genetic message
is changed.
 NON-RANDOM
MATING
• An individual may either prefer to mate with others of the same
genotype or of different genotypes.
• One reason this occurs is because of mate choice.
• Individuals choose their mates based on their genotype or
phenotypes
• For example, female peahens may prefer peacocks with bigger,
brighter tails. Natural selection picks traits that lead to more
mating selections for an individual. One common form of mate
choice, called assortative mating, is an individual’s preference to
mate with partners who are phenotypically similar to themselves.
• In humans, tall women prefer tall men rather than short men.
 A RTIF IC IA L SEL E C TION

• due to human intervention

• Humans cause selection because they select which phenotypes
of organisms will be beneficial.
• a factor that gave people to produce crops and animals that are
more efficient or have desirable traits, such as plants that
produce larger fruits and vegetables, or cows that produce more
milk.
• helps to eradicate some undesirable diseases.
 RECOMBINATION
• Genetic diversity can also arise from recombination of the DNA
from two different cells (via transformation, transduction, or
conjugation). By transferring advantageous alleles, such as ones
for antibiotic resistance, genetic recombination can promote
adaptive evolution in prokaryotic populations.
• Recombination is a process by which pieces of DNA are broken
and recombined to produce new combinations of alleles. This
recombination process creates genetic diversity at the level of
genes that reflects differences in the DNA sequences of different
organisms.
• Like mutation, recombination is an important source of new
variation for natural selection to work upon
 NATURAL SELECTION
• The reproduction of individuals with favorable
genetic traits that survive environmental change
because of those traits, leading to evolutionary
change.
• allele makes an organism have beneficial or
detrimental traits, and those traits that will be
beneficial for an organism’s survival and perpetuity will
be chosen over the ones that are non-beneficial or
harmful
SUMMARY:
SUMMARY:
 SUMMARY:

Arti fi ci al Sel ecti on

SUMMARY:

Recom bi nati on
POST-TEST
 POST-TEST:
A. Natural Sel ectio n E. Arti fi cial Se l e c ti o n
B. Geneti c Drift F. Reco mbi nat i o n
C. Gene Fl o w G. Mutatio n
D. No n-Random H. Popul atio n
Mati ng Genetic
1.) Change i n frequency of an exi sti n g
gene variant in the po pulati o n du e t o
rando m chance.
2.) Humans cause selecti o n becau se t h e y
select which pheno types o f o rgan i sms wi l l
be benefi cial.
3.) Flo w o f al lel es in and o ut o f a
po pul ati o n due to the mi grati o n o f
i ndi viduals o r gametes
 POST-TEST:
A. Natural Sel ectio n E. Arti fi cial Se l e c ti o n
B. Geneti c Drift F. Reco mbi nat i o n
C. Gene Fl o w G. Mutatio n
D. No n-Random H. Popul atio n
Mati ng Genetics
4.) Asso rtati ve Mating and Di sso rta ti v e M at i n g
5.) Alterati o n o f the geneti c seque n c e
6.) It is a co ntributi ng mechanism th a t wo rks
with natural sel ectio n by creating
co mbi nati o ns o f genes that nature se l e c ts f o r
o r against.
7.) O rganisms t hat are mo re adapte d t o t h e i r
enviro nment are mo re li kely to surv i v e a n d
pass o n the genes that ai ded thei r su cc e ss.