LEARNING FROM

OTHERS AND
REVIEWING
LITERATURE
Ms. Marife L.
Loremas
Learning
Objectives:
By the end of the lesson, the learner will
be able to:
1. Select Relevant literature
2. cite related literature using a
standard style
3. synthesize information from
relevant literature
Learning
Objectives:
4. Write a coherent literature review
5. Follow ethical standards in writing a
literature review
6. Illustrate and explain a conceptual
framework
7. Define terms used in the study
8. Formulate a research hypothesis if
appropriate, and
Learning
Objectives:
9. Present a written review of literature
and conceptual framework
PRE-ASSESSMENT

Choose the letter of the best

answer. Encircle the letter of
your answer.
1. Why is Review of Related
Literature necessary in conducting
research?
A. It places your own research within the
context of existing literature making a case for
why further study is needed.
B. It tests the validity of the study by using
statistical tools in measuring the effects of a
certain phenomenon.

C. It adheres with the ethical principles of

conducting a research study.

D. It enlightens the readers on the operational

definition of the words being used in the study.
2. How are entries ordered in the
Reference list?
A. By title first, then author's last name, and
then by date of publication
B. By author's last name first, then date of
publication, then title
C. By date of publication first, then author's
last name, then by title
D. By date of publication and then title
3. Which of the following is the
proper APA reference list from a
general website source with Digital
Object Identification (DOI)?
I-Early Childhood Experiences.
II- (2007).
III- Abad, D.
IV-Retrieved on July 20, 2019, from,
http//:www.earlychildhood.edu.ph.
A. I-III-IV-II
B. V-II-I-III
C. III-II-I-V
D. I-II-III-IV
4. How do you cite references in
the beginning of the paragraph
with two authors?
A. Sanchez and Terres (2004) stated that
language development…
B. De Juan (2005) emphasized that
psychosocial is…
C. Santos & Teves (2001) explained…
D. According to (Billones and Cruz, 2013)
elucidated that physiological…
5. How do you cite references in
the end of the paragraph with
three authors?
A. …learning (Pedro, Santos, Luna, 2011).
B. …reading (Macaranas, Reyes & Bay, 2013).
C. …plain (Bautista & Esther, 2015)
D. …vocabulary (Sona, Pilar, Dattu, and Weng,
2009).
RRL
Review of Related Literature (RRL)
is the second chapter of a research
paper. It is an account of what has
been published on a topic by
accredited scholars and
researchers.
RRL
Thus, acknowledging the source
and citing the author/s are
necessary for the researcher/s not
to commit plagiarism. Through this,
the research study is still abiding to
one of the ethical principles of
conducting research.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 An academic text that provides
an overview of a particular topic.
 It helps to identify what is known
and not known about a certain
subject of study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 It involves the use of higher order
thinking skills, such as the
review, evaluation, and synthesis
of several scholarly works.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 This scholarly works include
journal articles, professional
books, online sources, and
specialized references.
 It is an integral part of any
research paper serves several
functions.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 First, establishes the relevance of
the study.
 Second, it further helps in
establishing the research gap
that the study intends to fill.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Third, a literature review provides
important information about your
topic and the concepts related to
it.
 Fourth, it presents the
contradictions between and
among previous literature.
LITERATURE REVIEW

 Fifth, it justifies your research

methodology, as its effectiveness
may be determined by a survey
of previous studies relevant to
your research.
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Finally, it presents and discusses
your theoretical and conceptual
frameworks which are the
backbone of your study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Zotero-is a computer application
that you can use to collect sources
and cite them properly.

Visit the link:

https://www.Zotero.org/download
WRITING THE RELATED
LITERATURE
It involves three stages:
 Searching for works relevant
to the study.
 Analyzing these scholarly
works and
 Drafting the literature review
LITERATURE SEARCH
The stage in which the researcher
systematically looks for and select
reference materials relevant to the
study. It is necessary to survey all
possible sources of references,
especially those that were written
by the leading scholars in your field
of study.
LITERATURE SEARCH
Remember that the quality of your
paper is influenced by the quality
of references you use. The
following are some of the points in
conducting your literature search.
LITERATURE SEARCH
 Identify the topics and concepts
that you need to incorporate into
your paper. Your research title
and specific research questions
and objectives can be a good
source of these topics or
concepts.
LITERATURE SEARCH
 Specify the type of sources that
you will use. Will they mainly
articles or a combination of
articles, books, and other
periodicals.
 Search for scholarly work by
visiting your school library or
popular online databases.
LITERATURE SEARCH
 Proquest  Springer
 Science direct  Wiley
 JSTOR  Taylor and
 EBSCO francis
 Google Scholar  Sage
Publications
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
In drafting your review, you need
to consider how you are going to
arrange the works you will cite. You
also need to consider how these
works will be linked to one another,
to better provide an overview of
the topic you are studying in your
research.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
1. One strategy that you may use
in writing your literature review
is to get a model paper that
deals with a topic similar to
yours. You may pattern the
sequence of your ideas on your
model.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
2. In the introductory portion,
provide an overview of what can be
found in your literature review.

Example: This section contains

literature and studies on
acquisition-learning integration,
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
The biological basis behind the
separation of learning and
acquisition, comprehensible input,
grammar, affective factor, and
communicative competence. These
materials were gathered from
books on language teaching,
psychology and curriculum
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
Development, journals and other
periodicals, theses and
dissertations, online sources, and
other unpublished materials. These
materials provided the researcher
with an exhaustive review of the
topic and the essential background
knowledge to pursue this study.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
3. Divide the literature into two
subsections:
a. the conceptual literature
section which explains concepts
relevant to your study.
b. the related studies which
presents studies similar to your
own.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
4. When writing the conceptual
literature, you may use concepts
from the title of the reference or
the specific questions and
objectives of your research. For the
related studies, you may arrange
them in three ways
THEMATIC ARRANGEMENT
If your intention is to make the
readers focus on how your study is
similar to or different from the
previous ones.
CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
If you want to emphasize the
development and progress in a
specific field of study
TYPOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
If there are sufficient studies
conducted locally about the topic
of your research.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
5. At the end of the related studies
section, write a synthesis that
shows the research gap.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
6. Define important terms in your
study. Aside from the informal and
formal ways, definitions can be
made operationally or conceptually.
An operational definition is a type
of definition specifically made for
your study.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
While a conceptual definition is the
definition of a term which is
generally used in a specific
discipline. This definition is
oftentimes used by scholars.
Citations are often required when
using conceptual definitions.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
7. If you cannot explain some
concepts in detail due to space
constraints, you may direct the
readers to a particular scholarly
work that discusses the said topic
more extensively. This is done by
using the following citation format:
(see author, year)
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
8. Use cohesive devices throughout
the literature review to link one
idea to another. Examples of
cohesive devices are transitional
devices, conjunctions, pronouns,
and repetition of terms for
referencing ideas
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
9. Use headings and subheading.
This will help you organize the
studies and references you have
gathered. This will also aid the
reader in making sense of the
ideas and related studies to your
research.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
10. Be sure to apply the principle
of cohesiveness when writing your
literature review. This means that
each paragraph should focus only
on one main idea, and these ideas
should be link to one another.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
11. Use direct quotation sparingly.
Direct quotation is typically used
when stating laws and principles
and when explicitly showing
author’s intention. You can also use
direct quotation if you think that it
is best to present the ideas of
certain historical figures and
experts in your field.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
12. Write a brief synthesis at the
end of the literature review to show
how these scholarly works shape
your paper, and to further reinforce
the research gap studies have yet
to fill.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
13. Survey all possible sources
before claiming that no studies
have been conducted on a
particular topic or saying that your
topic is underexplored.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
14. Cite your sources. Use the
appropriate documentation and
citation style in your literature
review. Three most popularly used
documentation styles are from the
American Psychological Association
(APA) style.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
The Modern Language Association
(MLA) style, and the Chicago
Manual of Style (CMOS). The
documentation and the citation
style you will use depends on the
subject matter of your research.
DRAFTING THE LITERATURE REVIEW
Be consistent in using it when
documenting sources and writing
your literature review. D
 RRL
sources are commonly
classified into two major
types; namely:
Primary source- publications
or writings wherein a
researcher reports the
results of his studies.
Example: Monthly, quarterly
or annual journals.
 Secondary source-
publications or writings
wherein a certain author
describes
the work of another
author.
 Example: Textbooks,
encyclopedias, yearbooks as
much as possible, use the
primary sources to avoid
tampering and
miscommunications on the
data.
 In identifying a possible
source of your RRL, you
can refer to the following
characteristics below:
1. The sources that you should
use must be updated and
reliable.

2. It must be as fair and

objective as possible.
3. It must be relevant to your
topic.

4. It must provide accurately

and enough information on
your topic.
Citation of Related
Literature
Citation
is defined as a means of
informing your readers that
certain information came
from a specific
Citation
source and you just
borrowed it to widen the
explanation of a certain
situation or data of your
research.
Citing of Sources
In-text citation
refers to all of the citations
that can be found in all of
the
chapters in your research
paper.
Referencing list
refers to the bibliography and/or
references of your research
paper. This holds the summary
of the information of all of your
sources.
Citation styles
are referred to as the format
of the information needed
during the citation.
American Psychological
Association (APA)
2. Modern Language
Association (MLA)
3. Chicago Manual of
Style (CMS)
 Synthesizing
Information
from Relevant
Literature
Synthesis
defined as a combination of
information and discussion
from one or more relevant
sources of information.
Explanatory synthesis
deals with presenting the
information through
explanations and presents it
objectively.
Argument synthesis
enables a researcher to
present his/her point of view
from a certain topic in a
logical manner.
IMPORTANT SKILLS IN DRAFTING THE
LITERATURE REVIEW
Micro and Macro levels.

Microlevel synthesis involves the

consolidation of ideas to explain a
concept.
IMPORTANT SKILLS IN DRAFTING THE
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Look into and take note of
related ideas in the materials
that you are examining,
2. Cluster the ideas shared among
the materials, determine those
that are distinct, and put them
in a separate list.
IMPORTANT SKILLS IN DRAFTING THE
LITERATURE REVIEW
3. Decide on how you will arrange
the ideas,. Discuss first the
common ideas to give a general
overview of the topic. Then,
present the distinct ideas and
relate them to your study.
IMPORTANT SKILLS IN DRAFTING THE
LITERATURE REVIEW
4. Use multiple citations if one idea
can be found in several sources.
5. Insert the corresponding
citations while writing the
synthesis.
IMPORTANT SKILLS IN DRAFTING THE
LITERATURE REVIEW
Macrolevel synthesis is performed
when several studies are
consolidated to establish a
research gap and not just to
explain a concept.
IMPORTANT SKILLS IN DRAFTING THE
LITERATURE REVIEW
Macrolevel synthesis it also
involves drawing conclusions based
on the similarities and differences
of the reviewed references and
studies.
 Theoretical Conceptual
Framework Framework
Scope Broader in scope as it can be More focused in scope as it
used in different studies directly relates to a specific study

Focus of Content A particular theory A set of related concepts that will

be specifically used in the study.

Number of Theories Contains only one theory in one May combine different theories
framework into one cohesive framework

Time of development Already existing prior to the Developed while planning and
conduct of the study writing a specific research
 SELECTING YOUR THEORTICAL
FRAMEWORK
The following guidelines will help you
choose which theoretical framework best
suits your study.
1. Understand the variables included in
your study as well as their relationship with
one another.
2. Review the existing literature related to
your research topic.
 SELECTING YOUR THEORTICAL
FRAMEWORK
3. Using the information that you have
gathered from the literature, look for
possible theories that may potentially
account for the expected results of your
research topic.
 SELECTING YOUR THEORTICAL
FRAMEWORK
4. From these theories, select the one that is
most relevant to your study and can provide
a blueprint for your research.
 Conceptual Framework
is used to understand the place of --
and
inform the direction of -- a research
project. Professor Roger Vaughan of
Bournemouth University compares
the conceptual framework to
planning a vacation.
 Conceptual Framework
Before you plan your own
itinerary, you look at guidebooks
to learn about the most
important places to see and the
best hotels. You use that
information to guide your
planning.
 Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework uses
previous research to determine a
theory and methodology for a
current
research project.
 Conceptual Framework
is a graphical presentation of
your
concepts or ideas on the basic
structure or components of your
research as well as on the
relationship of these elements
with one another.
 Conceptual Framework
It is a graph or non-prose
materials, specifically, a
schematic diagram that shows a
well-ordered element of
research.
 Conceptual Framework
Giving a carefully constructed
arrangement of the components
of your study, conceptual
framework is broad outline or
plan to give shape your research
(Shields &
Rangarjan, 2013).
Developing Your Conceptual Framework

Here are some strategies that you can use

in developing the conceptual framework of
your study.

1. Identify the key concepts in your study

by referring to your research questions or
objectives.
Developing Your Conceptual Framework

2. Search for existing theories that

incorporate the same concepts and look into
their relationships with one another.

3. Using the existing theories as a guide,

plot your conceptual framework using a
concept map.
Developing Your Conceptual Framework

4. In case there are concepts not covered by

the selected theories, incorporate them into
your framework. However, make sure that
you are incorporating this concept into your
framework because it is necessary for your
paper.
Developing Your Conceptual Framework

5. After completing the initial draft of your

conceptual framework, write a narrative
explanation of each concept and how each
of them relates with one another. Again,
there should be a basis for the relationship
among the concepts being incoported.
Developing Your Conceptual Framework

6. Refer once again to your research

questions. Check if the conceptual
framework is aligned with them.
Developing Your Conceptual Framework

7. Note that the process of creating a

conceptual framework is developmental.
This means that may still be refined or
changed as you read more literature and
look into more theories.
Developing Your Conceptual Framework

8. In some cases, the research hypotheses

are presented at the end of the conceptual
framework.
 Sample Theoretical and Conceptual
Framework
Use the following questions as a guide:
1. What is the purpose of the given text?
2. Has the writer achieved his/her purpose?
3. How is the context organized? Show this
organization through an outline on a
separate sheet of paper.
 What is the difference
between a conceptual
framework and
theoretical framework?
 Pointers in Writing a
Conceptual Framework
 Structure of a Literature Review
1. Familiarize yourself with the objective
of the conceptual framework.
2. Base the contents of the conceptual
framework on your own understanding
of the elements and of the relationship
of the research features.
 Structure of a Literature Review
A complete conceptual framework
will help you assess the goals for
your own research and develop
appropriate research questions and
methodology. One of the ways it
does that is to show you the gaps
in the current research.
 Structure of a Literature Review
3. See to it that all aspects of the
conceptual framework are related to
the objective of the research
4. Let others to read your conceptual
framework for comments or feedback
for improvement purpose (Baraceros,
2016).
Structure of a Literature Review

2.1 Introduction of Literature Review

2.2 Conceptual Literature
 Concept 1
 Concept 2
 Concept 3
Structure of a Literature Review

2.3. Related Studies

 Study 1
 Study 2
 Study 3
Structure of a Literature Review

2.4 Synthesis
2.5 Theoretical and or Conceptual Framework