LEARN MORE ABOUT

THE

NERVOU
S
SYSTEM
BY: GROUP 1
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous system is:

● A physically connected network of

cells, tissues and organs that allow
us to communicate with and react to
the environment and perform life
activities.

● Master controlling and

communicating system.
 NERVOUS SYSTEM DIVISIONS
NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM (CNS) SYSTEM (PNS)

SOMATIC NERVOUS AUTONOMIC NERVOUS

SYSTEM (SNS) SYSTEM (ANS)
 01
CNS
Central Nervous System
Central Nervous
System
The CNS serve as the main processing
center for the entire nervous.
 CNS TWO COMPONENTS
BRAIN- The central organ of SPINAL CORD- This serves as a
the human nervous system, and channel for signals between the
with the spinal cord, comprises brain and the rest of the body, and
the central nervous system. controls simple musculoskeletal
Located within the skull that reflexes without input from the
functions as organizer and brain.
distributor of information for
the body. It consists of the
cerebrum, the brainstem and the
cerebellum.
BRAIN
Three main
parts:
● Cerebrum
● Brainstem
● Cerebellum
 Cerebrum
• The cerebrum (front of brain) comprises gray matter
(the cerebral cortex) and white matter at its center.
• It’s the largest part of the brain, the cerebrum
initiates and coordinates movement and regulates
temperature.
• Other areas of the cerebrum enable speech,
judgment, thinking and reasoning, problem-solving,
emotions and learning.
• Other functions relate to vision, hearing, touch and
other senses
 BRAINSTEM
• Pons. The pons is the origin for four of the 12
The brainstem (middle of brain) connects the cranial nerves, which enable a range of
cerebrum with the spinal cord. activities such as tear production, chewing,
• The brainstem includes the midbrain, the blinking, focusing vision, balance, hearing and
facial expression. Named for the Latin word for
pons and the medulla. “bridge,” the pons is the connection between
the midbrain and the medulla.
Midbrain. The midbrain (or mesencephalon) is a very complex
structure with a range of different neuron clusters (nuclei and Medulla. At the bottom of the brainstem,
colliculi), neural pathways and other structures. These features the medulla is where the brain meets the
facilitate various functions, from hearing and movement to spinal cord. The medulla is essential to
calculating responses and environmental changes. The midbrain survival. Functions of the medulla regulate
also contains the substantia nigra, an area affected by Parkinson’s many bodily activities, including heart
disease that is rich in dopamine neurons and part of the basal rhythm, breathing, blood flow, and oxygen
ganglia, which enables movement and coordination. and carbon dioxide levels. The medulla
produces reflexive activities such as
sneezing, vomiting, coughing and
swallowing.
 Cerebellum
The cerebellum (“little brain”) is a fist-sized portion
of the brain located at the back of the head,
below the temporal and occipital lobes and above
the brainstem. Like the cerebral cortex, it has two
hemispheres. The outer portion contains neurons,
and the inner area communicates with the
cerebral cortex. Its function is to coordinate
voluntary muscle movements and to maintain
posture, balance and equilibrium. New studies
are exploring the cerebellum’s roles in thought,
emotions and social behavior, as well as its
possible involvement in addiction, autism and
schizophrenia.
● SPINAL
This serves as a channel for

CHORD
signals between the brain and the
rest of the body, and controls
simple musculoskeletal reflexes
without input from the brain.

● •Spinal cord is a cylinder-shaped

tube of tissue that runs through
the center of your spine, from your
brainstem to your lower back. It’s
made of nerves and cells that
carry messages from your brain to
the rest of your body. Your spinal
cord is one of the main parts of
your nervous system.
 02
PNS
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous
System
The PNS connects the central nervous
system to the organs and limbs. an
integral part of the human nervous
system. Reside outside your brain and
spinal cord. They relay information
between your brain and the rest of your
body.
 PNS TWO COMPONENTS
Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system (SNS):
(ANS): Controls involuntary Controls muscle movement and
bodily functions and regulates relays information from ears, eyes
glands and skin to the central nervous
system
 SOMATIC NERVES
• There are two types of somatic nerves: cranial and spinal.

Cranial Nerves
• The somatic nerves that extend from the brain are known as cranial
nerves and are located on the back of the head and neck. There are 12
pairs of cranial nerves in total, each of which splits to carry signals
between both sides of the brain and body.

Spinal Nerves
• The somatic nerves that extend from the spinal column are known as
spinal nerves. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Eight come from the
cervical portion of the spine, 12 are in the thoracic region, both the
lumbar and sacral regions have five spinal nerves, and one is near the
tailbone. A disease or injury in any of these areas can result in a loss of
sensation and function below that area.
 SOMATIC NERVES
2 basic functions:

• Movement control: The somatic nervous system plays a vital role in initiating and controlling
the movements of your body. This system is responsible for nearly all voluntary muscle
movements.

• Sensory input: The somatic system is also responsible for processing sensory information
that arrives via external stimuli. It processes the senses of hearing, smell, taste, and touch.

• In addition to controlling voluntary muscle movements, the somatic nervous system is also
associated with involuntary movements known as reflexes (or reflex actions). These reflexes
are controlled by a neural pathway known as a reflex arc.

• Reflex arcs include sensory nerves that carry signals to the spinal cord, often connect with
interneurons there, then immediately transmit signals down the motor neurons to the muscles
that triggered the reflex.
 AUTOMATIC NERVES
This system is associated with the involuntary control of body movements. This is the part of
your nervous system that connects your brain to most of your internal organs.

Sympathetic nervous system: This system activates body processes that help you in times of
need, especially times of stress or danger. This system is responsible for your body’s “fight-or-
flight” response.

Parasympathetic nervous system: This part of your autonomic nervous system does the
opposite of your sympathetic nervous system. This system is responsible for the “rest-and-
digest” body processes.
PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
DENDRITE
NUCLEUS
CELL
DIRECTIO BODY
N OF AXON
IMPULSE
MYELIN
AXON
SHEATH
NODE OF
TERMINAL
RANVIER
SYNAPSE
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

MERCURY VENUS MARS

Mercury is the Venus has a Despite being red,
closest planet to the beautiful name and Mars is actually a
Sun and the is the second planet cold place. It’s full of
smallest of them all from the Sun iron oxide dust
NEURONS: STRUCTURES AND
TYPES
NEURONS

AXONS DENDRITES

FOUR STRUCTURAL TYPES OF NEURONS

MULTIPOLAR BIPOLAR

PSEUDOUNIPOLAR UNIPOLAR