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078BCE054

Chapter 2 discusses various methods to improve foundation stability, including increasing foundation depth, soil compaction, drainage, confining soil, grouting, and chemical treatment. It also details the plate load test used to determine soil bearing capacity and outlines different types of shallow foundations, such as spread footing, combined footing, strap footing, and mat foundation. Each method and foundation type is explained in terms of its application and benefits for structural support.

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Gaurab Thapa
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14 views

078BCE054

Chapter 2 discusses various methods to improve foundation stability, including increasing foundation depth, soil compaction, drainage, confining soil, grouting, and chemical treatment. It also details the plate load test used to determine soil bearing capacity and outlines different types of shallow foundations, such as spread footing, combined footing, strap footing, and mat foundation. Each method and foundation type is explained in terms of its application and benefits for structural support.

Uploaded by

Gaurab Thapa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2:

FOUNDATION

Group No. 02;

Diwash Bist [053]


Tutor:
Durgesh Nandan Yadav [054]
Asst. Prof. Thaman B. Khadka
Gangadhar Basel [055]
Department Of Civil
Gaurab Thapa [056]
Engineering
Increase depth of foundation

Compaction of soil
Improving Drainage of soil
Bearing
Confining the soil
Capacity
Grouting

Chemical treatment
1. Increase depth of the foundation
->Bearing capacity increases with the depth due to the confining weight of the overlying material.
2. Compaction of soil
->Compaction of natural soil deposits or man-made fills results in the improvement of bearing
capacity and reduction in the resulting settlements.
->Compaction of soil can be effectively achieved by the following means.
a)ramming moist soil
b)rubble compaction into the soil
c)vibration
d)compaction by pre-loading,etc
3. Drainage of soil
-The soil has a low shearing strength in the presence of excess water.
- Drainage results in a decrease in the voids ratio and improvement of bearing power.
4. Confining of soil
- The tendency of lateral movement can be checked by confining the soil, outside the perimeter of
the foundation area, by driving sheet piles, thus forming an enclosure and confining the soil.
5. Grouting
-suitable in loose gravel and fissured rocky starta
-the crack,voids, and fissured of the strata are thus filled with grout, resulting in the increase in
bearing value.
6. Chemical treatment
- Certain chemicals are grouted in the place of cement grout. The chemical should be such that it
can solidify and gain early strength.
Plate Load Test:

- Plate load test is a field test


- to determine the ultimate bearing
capacity of soil and the probable
settlement under a given loading.

Fig: Plate Load Test


- For conducting the plate load test, a pit of size five timed the width of plate (5Bp x 5Bp) and depth equal the depth of
foundation Df is excavated. At the center of the pit, a small hole of size equal to a test plate (Bp x Bp) is dug. The depth of the
central hole Dp is obtained by the following relation:
Dp/Bp= Df /Bf
- The load is applied with the help of a hydraulic jerk in convenient increments and settlement is recorded from the
gauge.
Load increments =1/5 of the bearing capacity of soil or 1/10 of the estimated failure load.

- Settlement should be observed for each increment of load after an interval of 1,4,10,20,40 and 60 minutes and thereafter at
hourly intervals until the rate of settlement becomes less than 0.02 mm per hour.

- The max load that is to be applied corresponds to 1.5 times the estimated ultimate load or
3 timed the proposed allowable bearing pressure.
Shallow
Foundation

- The foundation whose depth to width


ratio is less than 1 is considered as
shallow foundation.
1. Spread footing
-> It is provided to support an
individual column.
 2.Combined footing
-> A combined footing supports two or more
columns in a row, when the areas required for
individual footings are such that they come very near
to each other.

Fig: Combined Footing


 3.Strap or cantilever footing
-> If the independent footing of two columns
are connected by a beam, it is called a strap
footing.
-> It is used in the case of differential
settlement of soil.

Fig : Strap Footing


 4.Mat or raft foundation
A raft or mat is a combined footing that
covers the entire area beneath a structure
and supports all the walls and columns.
Mat foundation is required for the
following conditions:
a) allowable soil pressure is low
b)columns and walls are so close that
individual footing would overlap or nearly
touch each other.

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