CLO1: PL/SQL PROCEDURES AND

FUNCTIONS
CLO1: Implement stored procedures, functions, and
triggers for backend processing.
Document Revision
CONTROL (DRC)

Versio Autho Effectiv Change DRC

n r e Date Descripti No
on
1.0 Nourc Dec Defined 1.0
X: MAJOR CHANGE
hene 2022 the first
Y: MINOR CHANGE
Benay version
ed
2.0 Ghazal Dec Added 2.0
a 2022 Slides 5, 7,
Bilquis 10, 11, 22,
e 24, 26
Updated
CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS
Slides 8, 2
25, 27
 CREATING PROCEDURES

CREATING FUNCTIONS LECTURE

OUTLINE
REMOVING
PROCEDURES AND
FUNCTIONS

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS

Objectives

 After completng this lesson, you should be able to do the following:

 Describe what are procedures and functions?
 Create stored procedures
 Create stored functions
 Remove stored procedures and functions

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 4

PL/SQL Blocks

 A PL/SQL Block may be

PL/SQL
anonymous or named blocks
 Functions and Procedures are
named PL/SQL blocks
Anonymo
 They are stored as database Named
us
objects in the workspace
 They can be reused
Procedur
Function Trigger
e

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 5

  A procedure
 Is a type of subprogram that performs
What is a an action
Procedure?  Is stored in the database as a schema
object
 Promotes reusability and maintainability

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Application of PL/SQL Stored Procedure

 A Procedure is a standalone block that is mainly used for performing

tasks (DML operations)
 Example: A procedure may be used to -
 Create a new record(s)
 Update salaries of all employees in a given department
 Delete a specified project only if it is not completed

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 7

Syntax of Creating Procedure

 Use CREATE PROCEDURE followed by the

name , optional parameters, and keyword IS
or AS
 Add the OR REPLACE option to overwrite the
existing procedure
 Write a PL/SQL block containing local
variables, a BEGIN, and an END
 A procedure can modify table data. It can
execute INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
statements within the execution section
 Use the SQL%ROWCOUNT cursor attribute
to return the number of records processed

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS

Source: 8
What are parameters?

 Parameters:
 Are declared after the subprogram name in
the PL/SQL header
 Pass or communicate data between the
caller and the subprogram
 Can be
 IN parameter (the default) provides values for a
subprogram to process
 OUT parameter returns a value to the caller
 IN OUT parameter supplies an input value,
which may be returned (output) as a modified
value

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS

Source: 9
CREATING A
PROCEDURE CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE RaiseSalary
(vPercent Number)
AS

BEGIN
UPDATE HR_EMPLOYEES
SET salary = salary + salary * vPercent;
 Create a procedure
called RaiseSalary that dmbs_ouptput.put_line(‘Salaries Updated’);
increases all employees EXCEPTION
salary by a given When OTHERS Then
percentage dmbs_ouptput.put_line(‘An error has
 Test the procedure occured’);

END;

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 10

CREATING A
PROCEDURE
Using the EXECUTE command (does not
work in Online Environment)

EXECUTE RaiseSalary(0.15);
 Create a procedure
called RaiseSalary that
increases all employees
salary by a given Using a PL/SQL block
percentage BEGIN
 Test the procedure RaiseSalary(0.15);
END;

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11
Using IN Parameters

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Using OUT Paramters

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USING IN OUT Parameters

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Summary of Parameter Modes

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Source:
Invoking Procedures

 You can invoke paarmeters by using:

 Anonymous blocks
 Another proecure

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 16

Handled Exceptions

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 17

Source:
Handled Exceptions-Example

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 18

Source:
Exceptions Not Handled

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Source:
Exceptions Not Handled-Example

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 20

Source:
Removing Procedures

Syntax Example

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Source:
Advantages of a stored procedure

 Performance
 Multiple SQL statements may be grouped in a stored procedure and executed
in a single call
 Reusability
 A procedure may be reused in a number of applications

 Security
 Data access may be restricted by allowing users to manipulate data only
through stored procedures without providing access to the underlying tables

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 22

  A function
 Is a named PL/SQL block that returns a
value
 Can be stored in the database as a
What is a schema object for repeated execution
Function?  Is called as part of an expression or is
used to provide a parameter value

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 23

Application of PL/SQL Functions

 Functions are a standalone block that is mainly used for performing

computations that return a single value.
 Example: A function may take:
 A Date as an input parameter, calculate and return the Age
 Take the Salary as an input parameter, calculate and return the Bonus
 A Project ID as input parameters and return the Total Revenue of the project
 An Employee ID and Task Status as an input parameter and return the
Number of Tasks of the given status

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 24

Syntax of Creating Function

 Use CREATE FUNCTION followed by the

name , optional parameters, and keyword
IS or AS
 Add at least one RETURN statement
 Add the OR REPLACE option to overwrite
the existing function
 Write a PL/SQL block containing local
variables, a BEGIN, and an END
 A function cannot modify table data. It
cannot execute INSERT, UPDATE and
DELETE statements.

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS

Source: 25
CREATING A
FUNCTION
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION totalJobSalary
(pJobID varchar)
RETURN Number AS
vTotalSalary Number(7);
BEGIN
SELECT sum(salary)
 Create a function called INTO vTotalSalary
totalJobSalary that FROM HR_EMPLOYEES
returns the total salary WHERE job_id = pJobID;
of a given JOB
 Test the function RETURN vTotalSalary;

END;

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 26

 Using the Dual Table
CREATING A
FUNCTION SELECT totalJobSalary(‘IT_PROG’) FROM dual;

Using a PL/SQL block

DECLARE
vresult Number(7);
 Create a function called BEGIN
vresult := totalJobSalary(‘IT_PROG’);
totalJobSalary that
dbms_output.put_line (vresult);
returns the total salary
END;
of a given JOB
 Test the function
Using the function in a SQL query to get the total
salaries of all Jobs
SELECT job_id, job_title, totalJobSalary(job_id)
FROM HR_JOBS;

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 27

Stored Function: Example- Invoke a function

 Invoke the function

 Invoke the function as
 As a parameter to another subprogram
 A part of a PL/SQL expression using a host
variable

 In an SQL statement

 A part of a PL/SQL expression using a local

variable

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Source: 29
Removing Functions

Syntax Example

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 30

Procedures Vs. Functions

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Key Terms

Stored Stored
Procedures Functions

CIA 4203 - ENTERPRISE DATABASE APPLICATIONS 32

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69428)