Reactions in Aqueous Solution

Chapter 4

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 A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more
substances(solute+ solvent )

The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the

smaller amount(s)

The solvent is the substance present in the larger

amount

Solution Solvent Solute

Soft drink (l) H2O Sugar, CO2
Air (g) N2 O2, Ar, CH4
aqueous solutions
Soft Solder (s) Pb Sn of KMnO4

2
we doesn't disvalue only solid in water also liquid and
gas in water .
What the fish breath
An electrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved in
water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.
A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when dissolved,
results in a solution that does not conduct electricity.

nonelectrolyte weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

4
 Strong electrolytes:

• Strong electrolytes:
1- Soluable ionic compound (NaCl)
2- strong acid ( HCl.HBr.HI,H2SO4,HNO3)
3- strong base (LiOH ,NaOH .Ca(OH)2

5
 Weak electrolytes:

2- weak acid ( HF.CH3COOH.)

3- weak base (NH3 ,CH3NH2 .)

6
 Conduct electricity in solution?

Cations (+) and Anions (-)

Strong Electrolyte – 100% dissociation

H 2O
NaCl (s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

Weak Electrolyte – not completely dissociated

CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

7
 Non electrolyte “
A nonelectrolyte is a substance that, when
dissolved, results in a solution that does not
conduct electricity.
Molecler compounds CH3OH
Dissolved in water but not conduct electricity.
 Ionization of acetic acid

CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

A reversible reaction. The reaction can

occur in both directions.

Acetic acid is a weak electrolyte because its

ionization in water is incomplete.

9
Hydration is the process in which an ion is surrounded
by water molecules arranged in a specific manner.




H2O 10
Nonelectrolyte does not conduct electricity?

No cations (+) and anions (-) in solution

H 2O
C6H12O6 (s) C6H12O6 (aq)

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 Precipitation Reactions
• One common type of reaction that
occurs in aqueous solution is the
precipitation reaction, which
results in the formation of an
insoluble product, known as a
precipitate.
Precipitation reactions usually involve
ionic compounds.(also called a
double displacement reaction)
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 Precipitation Reactions
Precipitate – insoluble solid that separates from solution
precipitate

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

molecular equation

Pb2+ + 2NO3- + 2Na+ + 2I- PbI2 (s) + 2Na+ + 2NO3-

ionic equation

Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2 (s)

PbI2
net ionic equation
Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions
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The preceding reaction is also called
a double displacement reaction),
a reaction that involves the
exchange of parts between the two
compounds. (In this case, the cations
in the two compounds exchange
anions0913313403
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Precipitation of Lead Iodide

Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2 (s) PbI2

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Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve
in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature.

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Examples of Insoluble Compounds

CdS PbS Ni(OH)2 Al(OH)3

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• Classify the following ionic
compounds as soluble or insoluble:
• (a) silver sulfate (Ag2SO4),
• (b) calcium carbonate (CaCO3), (c)
sodium phosphate (Na3PO4).

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 Molecular Equations, Ionic
Equations, and Net Ionic
Equations
• Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) this
is amolecular equaations.
• Pb2+(aq) + 2NO 3 −(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I−(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) +

Ionic Equations(which shows dissolved

2NO 3 −(aq)
species as
free, hydrated ions.)
• KNO3 remains in solution as separate K+ and ions, which are
called spectator ions, or ions that are not involved in the
overall reaction. Because spectator ions appear on both sides
of an equation, they can be eliminated from the ionic
equation
• Finally, we end up with the net ionic equation, which shows
only the species that actually take part in the reaction:
• Pb2+(aq) + 2I−(aq) → PbI2(s)
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 Writing Net Ionic Equations
1. Write the balanced molecular equation.
2. Write the ionic equation showing the strong electrolytes
completely dissociated into cations and anions.
3. Cancel the spectator ions on both sides of the ionic equation
4. Check that charges and number of atoms are balanced in the
net ionic equation

Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of silver nitrate
with sodium chloride.

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)

Ag+ + NO3- + Na+ + Cl- AgCl (s) + Na+ + NO3-

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl (s) 20

 ex
Write the net ionic equation for barium chloride
(BaCl2) is added to an aqueous solution of sodium sulfate
(Na2SO4
molecular
equation BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)
The ionic equation for the reaction is
Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + SO 4 2−(aq) →
BaSO4(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq)
Canceling the spectator ions (Na+ and Cl−) on both
sides of the equation gives us the net ionic
equation
Ba2+(aq) + SO 4 2−(aq) → BaSO4(s)
 Chemistry In Action:
An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction

Ca2+ (aq) + 2HCO-3 (aq) CaCO3 (s) + CO2 (aq) + H2O (l)

CO2 (aq) CO2 (g)

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 General Properties of
Acids and Bases
Acids and bases are as familiar as aspirin and milk of
magnesia although many people do not know their
chemical names—acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and
magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia).

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 Properties of Acids

Have a sour taste. Vinegar owes its taste to acetic acid. Citrus
fruits contain citric acid.

Cause color changes in plant dyes.

React with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas.

2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

React with carbonates and bicarbonates

to produce carbon dioxide gas

2HCl (aq) + CaCO3 (s) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity.

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 Properties of Bases
Have a bitter taste.

Feel slippery. Many soaps contain bases.

Cause color changes in plant dyes.

Aqueous base solutions conduct electricity.

Examples:

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Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water

Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water

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Hydronium ion, hydrated proton, H3O+

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 A Brønsted acid is a proton donor
A Brønsted base is a proton acceptor

base acid acid base

A Brønsted acid must contain at least one ionizable

proton!
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Monoprotic acids
HCl H+ + Cl- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

HNO3 H+ + NO3- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Diprotic acids
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4- Strong electrolyte, strong acid

HSO4- H+ + SO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid

Triprotic acids
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
HPO42- H+ + PO43- Weak electrolyte, weak acid
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30
Identify each of the following species as a Brønsted acid, base,
or both. (a) HI, (b) CH3COO-, (c) H2PO4-

HI (aq) H+ (aq) + I- (aq) Brønsted acid

CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) CH3COOH (aq) Brønsted base

H2PO4- (aq) H+ (aq) + HPO42- (aq) Brønsted acid

H2PO4- (aq) + H+ (aq) H3PO4 (aq) Brønsted base

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 Neutralization Reaction

acid + base salt + water

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O

H+ + Cl- + Na+ + OH- Na+ + Cl- + H2O
H+ + OH- H2O

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Neutralization Reaction Involving a Weak
Electrolyte

weak acid + base salt + water

HCN (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCN (aq) + H2O

HCN + Na+ + OH- Na+ + CN- + H2O
HCN + OH- CN- + H2O

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 Neutralization Reaction Producing a Gas

acid + base salt + water + CO2

2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + H2O +CO2

2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO32- 2Na+ + 2Cl- + H2O + CO2

2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2

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 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
(electron transfer reactions)

2Mg 2Mg2+ + 4e- Oxidation half-reaction (lose e-)

O2 + 4e- 2O2- Reduction half-reaction (gain e-)
2Mg + O2 + 4e- 2Mg2+ + 2O2- + 4e-
2Mg + O2 2MgO 35
36
 Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
Zn Zn2+ + 2e- Zn is oxidized Zn is the reducing agent

Cu2+ + 2e- Cu Cu2+ is reduced Cu2+ is the oxidizing agent

Copper wire reacts with silver nitrate to form silver metal.

What is the oxidizing agent in the reaction?

Cu (s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag (s)

Cu Cu2+ + 2e-
Ag+ + 1e- Ag Ag+ is reduced Ag+ is the oxidizing agent

37
 Oxidation Number
The definitions of oxidation and reduction in terms
of loss and gain of electrons apply to the
formation of ionic compounds .
An atom’s oxidation number, also called oxidation
state, signifies the number of charges the atom
would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound)
if electrons were transferred completely.
0 0 +1 -1
H2(g)+ Cl2(g)→ 2HCl
 Oxidation number
The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an
ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred.

1. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation

number of zero.

Na, Be, K, Pb, H2, O2, P4 = 0

2. In monatomic ions, the oxidation number is equal to
the charge on the ion.

Li+, Li = +1; Fe3+, Fe = +3; O2-, O = -2

3. The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2. In H2O2
and O22- it is –1. 39
4.4
4. The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except when
it is bonded to metals in binary compounds. In these
cases, its oxidation number is –1.
5. Group IA metals are +1, IIA metals are +2 and fluorine
is always –1.
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in
a molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the
molecule or ion.
7. Oxidation numbers do not have to be integers.
Oxidation number of oxygen in the superoxide ion,
O2-, is –½.
HCO3 -

What are the oxidation numbers O = –2 H = +1

of all the elements in HCO3- ?
3x(–2) + 1 + ? = –1
C = +4 40
The Oxidation Numbers of Elements in their Compounds

41
What are the oxidation numbers of IF7
all the elements in each of these
compounds? F = -1
NaIO3 IF7 K2Cr2O7
7x(-1) + ? = 0
NaIO3 I = +7

Na = +1 O = -2
K2Cr2O7
3x(-2) + 1 + ? = 0
O = -2 K = +1
I = +5
7x(-2) + 2x(+1) + 2x(?) = 0
Cr = +6
42
 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Combination Reaction
a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a
ngle product.
A+B C
0 0 +3 -1
2Al + 3Br2 2AlBr3

Decomposition Reaction
C A+B

+1 +5 -2 +1 -1 0
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
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 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Combustion Reaction
reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen, usually with
he release of heat and light to produce a flame

A + O2 B
0 0 +4 -2
S + O2 SO2

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l )

0 0 +2 -2
2Mg + O2 2MgO

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 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Displacement Reaction
A + BC AC + B
0 +1 +2 0
Sr + 2H2O Sr(OH)2 + H2 Hydrogen Displacement
+4 0 0 +2
TiCl4 + 2Mg Ti + 2MgCl2 Metal Displacement
0 -1 -1 0
Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2 Halogen Displacement

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 Displacement Reaction
In a displacement reaction, an ion (or atom) in a compound is
replaced by an ion (or atom) of another element.
1.Hydrogen Displacement. All alkali metals and
some alkaline earth metals (Ca, Sr, and Ba), which
are the most reactive of the metallic elements, will
displace hydrogen from cold water.
Na+ H2O→NaOH+ H2
2. Metal Displacement. A metal in a compound
can be displaced by another metal in the
elemental state
3.Halogen Displacement. Another activity series
summarizes the halogens’ behavior in halogen
displacement reactions
:
The Activity Series for Metals

Hydrogen Displacement Reaction

M + BC MC + B
M is metal
BC is acid or H2O
B is H2
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
Pb + 2H2O Pb(OH)2 + H2

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The Activity Series for Halogens
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2

Halogen Displacement Reaction

0 -1 -1 0
Cl2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br2

I2 + 2KBr 2KI + Br2

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 Types of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Disproportionation Reaction
The same element is simultaneously oxidized and
reduced.

Example: reduced

0 +1 -1
Cl2 + 2OH- ClO- + Cl- + H2O

oxidized

49
 Classify each of the following reactions.

Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 Precipitation

NH3 + H+ NH4+ Acid-Base

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 Redox (H2 Displacement)

Ca + F2 CaF2 Redox (Combination)

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 E.X
Classify the following redox reactions
and indicate changes in the oxidation
numbers of the elements:
(a) 2N2O(g) → 2N2(g) + O2(g)
(b) 6Li(s) + N2(g) → 2Li3N(s)
(c) Ni(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → Pb(s) + Ni(NO3)2(aq)
(d) Fe + H2SO4 ⟶ FeSO4 + H2
(h) S + 3F2 ⟶ SF6
(f) 2CuCl → Cu + CuCl2
(k) 2Ag + PtCl2 ⟶ 2AgCl + Pt
 Chemistry in Action: Breath Analyzer
+6
3CH3CH2OH + 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4

+3
3CH3COOH + 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 2K2SO4 + 11H2O

52
 Solution Stoichiometry
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute
present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
moles of solute
M = molarity =
liters of solution

What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of a

2.80 M KI solution?
M KI M KI
volume of KI solution moles KI grams KI

1L 2.80 mol KI 166 g KI

500. mL x x x = 232 g KI
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol KI
53
• How would 500ml of (0. 25M) (MW40)
be prepered from solid NaOH
n=m*v = 0.25 *05=0125 mol
Convert mole to grams
0.125 NaOH * 40 NaOH = 5 g
1 NaOH

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Preparing a Solution of Known Concentration

55
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated solution.

Dilution
Add Solvent

Moles of solute Moles of solute

before dilution (i) = after dilution (f)

MiVi = MfVf 56
 How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3
from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?

MiVi = MfVf

Mi = 4.00 M Mf = 0.200 M Vf = 0.0600 L Vi = ? L

MfVf
Vi = = 0.200 M x 0.0600 L = 0.00300 L = 3.00 mL
Mi 4.00 M

Dilute 3.00 mL of acid with water to a total volume

of 60.0 mL.
57
 Gravimetric Analysis
1. Dissolve unknown substance in water
2. React unknown with known substance to form a precipitate
3. Filter and dry precipitate
4. Weigh precipitate
5. Use chemical formula and mass of precipitate to determine
amount of unknown ion

58
 Titrations
In a titration a solution of accurately known concentration is
added gradually added to another solution of unknown
concentration until the chemical reaction between the two
solutions is complete.

Equivalence point – the point at which the reaction is complete

Indicator – substance that changes color at (or near) the
equivalence point

Slowly add base

to unknown acid
UNTIL
the indicator
changes color
59
Titrations can be used in the analysis of

Acid-base reactions

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

Redox reactions

5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

60
What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is required
to titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4 solution?

WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

M rxn M
volume acid moles red moles base volume base
acid coef. base

4.50 mol H2SO4 2 mol NaOH 1000 ml soln

25.00 mL x x x = 158 mL
1000 mL soln 1 mol H2SO4 1.420 mol NaOH
61
16.42 mL of 0.1327 M KMnO4 solution is needed to
oxidize 25.00 mL of an acidic FeSO4 solution. What is
the molarity of the iron solution?
WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

M rxn V
volume red moles red moles oxid M oxid
red coef. oxid

16.42 mL = 0.01642 L 25.00 mL = 0.02500 L

0.1327 mol KMnO4 5 mol Fe2+ 1

0.01642 L x x x = 0.4358 M
1L 1 mol KMnO4 0.02500 L Fe2+
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 Chemistry in Action: Metals from the Sea
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

CaO (s) + H2O (l) Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq)

Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH -(aq) Mg(OH)2 (s)

Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

Mg2+ + 2e- Mg
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
MgCl2 (aq) Mg (s) + Cl2 (g)

63