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module 2 -modeling process

The document outlines the differences between Computer Science and Computational Science, emphasizing the latter's focus on using computers to solve scientific problems through mathematical modeling and simulations. It describes the modeling process, including the creation of conceptual models and various classifications of models such as deterministic, probabilistic, static, and dynamic. Additionally, it provides examples of different simulation approaches and includes a lab exercise for creating a personal conceptual model related to goal setting.

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Night Kath
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6 views

module 2 -modeling process

The document outlines the differences between Computer Science and Computational Science, emphasizing the latter's focus on using computers to solve scientific problems through mathematical modeling and simulations. It describes the modeling process, including the creation of conceptual models and various classifications of models such as deterministic, probabilistic, static, and dynamic. Additionally, it provides examples of different simulation approaches and includes a lab exercise for creating a personal conceptual model related to goal setting.

Uploaded by

Night Kath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 2

THE MODELING
PROCESS
Review
Computer Science vs Computational Science
Simplified comparison:
Computer Science is about the science of computers.
Computational Science is about the use of computers to solve
science and engineering problems.
• It is a discipline concerned with the design, implementation and use
of mathematical models to analyze and solve scientific problems.
• The term refers to the use of computers to perform simulations or
numerical analysis of a scientific system or process.
Related Disciplines
Definition of Terms
• A model is an abstraction or simplification of a real-world object
or phenomenon that helps us gain insights into the state or
behavior of a complex system
• A mathematical model is a representation of a phenomenon or
system that is used to provide insights and predictions about
system behavior.
• Simulation is the application of a model to imitate the behavior
of the system under a variety of circumstances.
MODULE 2
THE MODELING PROCESS
THE MODELING PROCESS
Each of us creates informal, mental models all the
time as an aid to making decisions.
• One example may be deciding on a travel route
that gets us to several shopping locations faster or
with the fewest traffic headaches.

Some of our first formal models were physical models.


Those include simplified prototypes of objects used to
evaluate their characteristics and behaviors.
THE MODELING
PROCESS

•One of the most ambitious


physical models ever built
was a costly 200 acre model
of the Mississippi River Basin
used to simulate flooding in
the watershed (U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, 2006).
THE MODELING PROCESS
• Through theory and experimentation, scientists and
engineers also developed mathematical models
representing aspects of physical behaviors.
• Over time, mathematical models that started as very
simplistic representations of complex systems have
evolved into systems of equations that more closely
approximate real-world phenomena such as the
large-scale models.

• These became the basis of computer models by


translating the mathematics into computer codes.
Major
Steps in
the
Modeling
Process
Concept Mapping example
Conceptual models - abstract, psychological representations of how tasks should
be carried out. People use conceptual models subconsciously and intuitively as a
way of systematizing processes.
These are partially completed concept
map and mind map showing
the components of a model of the time it
takes to make a car trip between two
points.​
Different ways to classify models
Classifications/Types of Models
1. Deterministic model
2. Probabilistic or Stochastic model

Deterministic model applies a set of inputs or initial conditions and uses one
or more equations to produce model outputs.

Probabilistic model includes one or more elements that might occur by


chance or at random while a deterministic model does not.
Stochastic - a random process or a process, which occurs by chance
A probabilistic model will exhibit random effects that will produce different
outputs for each model run.
Another way to classify models
Classifications/Types of Models
1. Static model
2. Dynamic model

Static or steady-state model is a model that has gone through a transient


state such as a start-up or warm-up period and arrived at an observed
behavior that remains constant.

Example:
The flow of fluid through a pipe. In the initial, transient state period, the
pipe is empty and will fill with fluid under pressure until the capacity of the
pipe is reached. This will be its steady-state condition. In economics, a
steady-state economy is one that has reached a relatively stable size.
Another way to classify models
Classifications/Types of Models
1. Static model
2. Dynamic model

Dynamic model considers the state of a system over time while a static
model does not.

Dynamic models may be characterized as being discrete or continuous.


3. Continuous model would represent time as a continuous function
4. Discrete model divides time into small increments and calculates its state
for each time-period.
In computer modeling, most (all?) dynamic models divide time into discrete
increments to facilitate rapid calculations that mimic continuous systems.
Examples of different simulation approaches as they relate to
various model types

1. Deterministic models consist of one or more equations that characterize


the behavior of a system. Most such models simplify the system by assuming
that one or more causal variables or parameters are constant for a single
calculation of the model outcomes.
Example:
A map is an example of deterministic model. It is a model of location, which
can help us get from place to place.

2. Probabilistic or stochastic models - most models really should be stochastic


or probabilistic rather than deterministic, but this is often too complicated to
implement.
Example:
When planning a school formal, there are some elements of the model that
are deterministic and some that are probabilistic. The cost to hire the venue is
deterministic, but the number of students who will come is probabilistic.
Examples of different simulation approaches as
they relate to various model types
3. Dynamic models - the focus is on the behavior of the system
over time and sometimes over space. Simulations calculate the
changes in the state of the system over time.

Example:
A model of ball being dropped from a bridge. As it is dropped the
ball accelerates due to the force of gravity.
• At each time increment, the model will calculate the velocity
of the ball and its position in space. That position will depend
on where it was in the previous time period and how far it was
dropped related to its velocity during that time period. The
model will then predict when the ball will hit the water and at
what velocity.
Examples of different simulation approaches as
they relate to various model types
Stochastic models typically will have characteristics in common
with dynamic models.
The difference is that one or more of the governing parameters are
probabilistic or could happen by random chance.
Example:
The model of the spread of a disease that is passed by human contact.
• A susceptible person may have contact with an infected person but will
not necessarily become infected.
• There is a probability of being infected that is related to the spread of
the disease, the state of health of the susceptible person, and the
nature of the contact.
• A model of this system would simulate those probabilities to project the
potential spread of a disease outbreak.
Lab 2: Creating a Conceptual
Model
Conceptual models are abstract, psychological representations of how
tasks should be carried out. People use conceptual models
subconsciously and intuitively as a way of systematizing processes.
•Here is a link on How to Create a Concept Map:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZJj6DwCqSU

Directions:
• Using a free concept mapping tool, create a complete, personal
conceptual map of your personal goal. Create at least 10 areas
for your personal goal setting. (50 total points)
Lab 2: Creating a Conceptual Model
Below is an example of a concept map about goal setting. This is just a
guide; you can be creative as much as possible and you may add more
areas in your life you like to set goals. You should include details about
the target, when and how of each area, e.g., for the HEALTH area, we
have body, mental and spiritual. Let’s say for body, specific goal –
Exercise/walk for 30 minutes, 3 times a week (MWF).
NOTE: Please
include your name
at the ROOT NODE
e.g., My Goals
(John Dela Cruz)

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