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Cellular adaptation

Cellular adaptation refers to reversible changes in cell size, number, and function in response to physiological or pathological stimuli. The main types of adaptation include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia, each with distinct causes and characteristics. These adaptations allow cells to survive adverse conditions by altering their metabolic activity and structural components.

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16 views

Cellular adaptation

Cellular adaptation refers to reversible changes in cell size, number, and function in response to physiological or pathological stimuli. The main types of adaptation include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia, each with distinct causes and characteristics. These adaptations allow cells to survive adverse conditions by altering their metabolic activity and structural components.

Uploaded by

shahd1133s
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CELLULAR

ADAPTATION
OBJECTIVES

Pathophysiolog
Definition Types
y
CELLULAR ADAPTATION
It is a reaction induced by physiological or
pathological stimuli.

In cell biology and pathophysiology,


cellular adaptation refers to changes made
by the cell in response to adverse
environmental changes
Adaptations are reversible changes in the
size, number, metabolic activity, or
functional activity.
TYPES OF ADAPTATION

According to the underlying causes, adaptation


could be due to
 Physiological process e.g hormones
 Pathological process e.g environmental
factors, micro organism
Atrophy
MORPHOLOGICAL Hypertrophy
FEATURES OF
ADAPTATION
Hyperplasia

Metaplasia
It a decrease in the size of the
cell by loss of cell substance.
When sufficient numbers of
cells are involved, the entire
organ or tissue decreases in
size i.e. become atrophic.
ATROPH The pathophysiological process
occurs bring into balance cell
Y survival in the face of reduced blood
supply, nutrition etc. the cells
become smaller with diminished
function and thus reduced metabolic
needs and by doing so they escape
injury.
The reduction in size is due to
reduction in the number of its
structural components e.g.
mitochondria, myofilaments,
1. Decrease workload e.g. muscular atrophy
due to immobilization as in fractured limb.
2. Denervation (loss of nerve supply) e.g.
paralysis of a limb due to nerve injury or

CAUSES poliomyelitis.
3. Ischemia e.g. brain atrophy as an ageing
phenomenon due to atherosclerosis.

4. Under nutrition, as in starvation and


Kwashiorkor.

5. Loss of endocrine stimulation e.g. atrophy of


the gonads in
It is an increase in the size of cells
and as a consequence the size of the
organ or tissue containing them
(opposite to atrophy).

HYPERTR
OPHY The pathophysiological process
due to the excessive workload
induces increase in cellular
constituents i.e. more enzymes,
more mitochondria (ATP production)
and more myofilaments. It is due to
synthesis of more structural
components within the cell (more
enzymes, more mitochondria and
A. Physiological due to
hormones e.g Uterus in
pregnancy (physiological:
hormonal). Skeletal muscles in
athletes (physiological:
CAUSES increased workload).
B. Pathological, Left ventricle
in systemic hypertension
increased workload; the
ventricle has to contract
against increased pressure in
the aorta).
HYPERPLASIA
It is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue leading to
an increase in its size.

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy are closely related and often occur


together (e.g. in estrogen induced enlargement of the uterus during
pregnancy; there is both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the
myometrium).
Not all adult cell types have the same capacity for hyperplasia.
CONTINU. HYPERPLASIA
Those 3 capable of cell division (labile cells) can undergo profound
hyperplastic growth e.g. those of the epidermis, mucosal surfaces,
hepatocytes, fibroblasts and bone marrow cells.

On the contrary, nerve cells and those of the heart (myocardial cells)
and skeletal muscle fibers have no capacity for hyperplasia
(permanent cells).

Intermediate among the above two are those of bone, cartilage and
smooth muscle cells. Hyperplasia is divided into physiological and
pathological.
CAUSES

A. Physiological B. Pathological
hyperplasia is either hyperplasia is mostly
• 1. Hormonal (e.g. proliferation either due to
of the breast glandular • Excessive hormonal stimulation
epithelium in females at (e.g. endometrial hyperplasia)
puberty or during pregnancy). or
• 2. Compensatory (e.g. after • The effect of growth factors on
partial hepatectomy). target cells (as in wound
healing).
It is a replacement of one mature cell type by
another mature cell type.

The pathophysiological process of


metaplasis refers to transformation of the
cells likely represents a reactive or reparative
METAPLASIA response to some chronic injury or irritation.
Thus, the term change or altered
differentiation of the cells due to
reprogramming of the cell formation
Squamous metaplasia of the laryngeal and
bronchial respiratory epithelium due to
habitual smoking.
OUTCOMES
Cellular adaptation is a form of reversible
response to stress

The underlying stress could be physiological


(e.g hormones) or pathological

Different morphological types with different


pathological process can take place atrophy,
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia

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