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PHYSICS

The document discusses the principles of light, focusing on reflection and refraction as taught in Class 10 Science. It covers the nature of light, laws of reflection, spherical mirrors, image formation, refractive index, and spherical lenses, including their formulas and magnification. Key concepts such as wave-particle duality and the power of lenses are also explained.

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3 views

PHYSICS

The document discusses the principles of light, focusing on reflection and refraction as taught in Class 10 Science. It covers the nature of light, laws of reflection, spherical mirrors, image formation, refractive index, and spherical lenses, including their formulas and magnification. Key concepts such as wave-particle duality and the power of lenses are also explained.

Uploaded by

kanniyakumar80
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIGHT – REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

BY ADOLF FIDEL CASTRO


INTRODUCTION TO LIGHT – REFLECTION & REFRACTION

In Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light, the phenomena of reflection and


refraction of light using the straight-line propagation of light are
taught to students. Furthermore, optical phenomena in nature are
examined. The reflection of light by spherical mirrors is discussed in
the chapter so that their applications are studied in real-life situations.
LIGHT: DEFINITION

 Light is a form of energy that enables us to see things. Light starts


from a source and bounces off objects which are perceived by our
eyes, and our brain processes this signal, which eventually enables
us to see. Maxwell predicted that magnetic and electric fields travel
in the form of waves, and these waves move at the speed of light.
This led Maxwell to predict that light itself was carried by
electromagnetic waves, which means that light is a form of
electromagnetic radiation.
NATURE OF LIGHT

Light behaves as a:
ray, e.g. reflection
wave, e.g. interference and diffraction
 particle, e.g. photoelectric effect
According to the concept of wave-particle duality in quantum
mechanics, light exhibits both particle and wave nature, depending
upon the circumstances. A phenomenon like diffraction, polarisation
and interference could be explained by considering light as a wave. A
phenomenon like the photoelectric effect is explained by assuming
that light consists of particles called photons.
LAWS OF REFLECTION
LIGHT INCIDENT ON THE SURFACE SEPARATING TWO MEDIA

When light travels from one medium to another medium it either:


gets absorbed (absorption)
bounces back (reflection)
passes through or bends (refraction)
 When light is incident on a plane mirror, most of it gets reflected, and some of it gets
absorbed in the medium.
 The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same
plane. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
SPHERICAL MIRRORS
 Consider a hollow sphere with a very smooth and polished inside
surface and an outer surface with a coating of mercury so that no
light can come out. Then if we cut a thin slice out of the shell, we
get a curved mirror, which is called a spherical mirror.
IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO SPHERICAL MIRROR

Pole (P): The midpoint of a spherical mirror.


Centre of curvature ©: The centre of the sphere that the spherical mirror was a part of.
The radius of curvature ®: The distance between the centre of curvature and the spherical
mirror. This radius will intersect the mirror at the pole (P).
 Principal Axis: The line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature is the main or
principal axis.
Concave Mirror: A spherical mirror with a reflecting surface that bulges inwards.
Convex Mirror: A spherical mirror with a reflecting surface that bulges outwards.
Focus (F): Take a concave mirror. All rays parallel to the principal axis converge at a point
between the pole and the centre of curvature. This point is called the focal point or focus.
 Focal length: Distance between pole and focus.
IMAGE FORMATION BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS
 For objects at various positions, the image formed can be found
using the ray diagrams for the special two rays. The following table
is for a concave mirror.
MIRROR FORMULA AND MAGNIFICATION
 1/v + 1/u = 1/f
 Where ‘u’ is object distance, ‘v’ is the image distance and
‘f’ is the focal length of the spherical mirror, which is found
by the similarity of triangles.
 The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is the
ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object.
It is usually represented as ‘m’.
REFRACTION THROUGH A GLASS SLAB AND REFRACTIVE
INDEX
 The shortest path need not be the quickest path. Since light is
always in a hurry, it bends when it enters a different medium as it is
still following the quickest path. This phenomenon of light bending
in a different medium is called refraction.
REFRACTIVE INDEX
The extent to which light bends when moving from one medium to another is called
the refractive index. This depends on the ratio of the speeds in the two media. The
greater the ratio, the more the bending. It is also the ratio of the sine of the angle of
incidence and the sine of the angle of refraction, which is a constant for any given
pair of media. It is denoted by:
n = sin∠i/sin∠r = speed of light in medium 1/speed of light in medium2.

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of monochromatic light in
the substance of interest is known as the relative refractive index. Mathematically, it
is represented as:
n = c/v
 Where n is the refractive index of a medium, c is the velocity of light in a vacuum
and v is the velocity of light in that particular medium.
SPHERICAL LENSES

 Spherical lenses are lenses formed by binding two spherical


transparent surfaces together. Spherical lenses formed by binding
two spherical surfaces bulging outward are known as convex lenses
while spherical lenses formed by binding two spherical surfaces
such that they are curved inward are known as concave lenses.
LENS FORMULA, MAGNIFICATION AND POWER OF LENS

 Lens formula: 1/v = 1/u = 1/f, gives the relationship between the
object distance (u), image distance (v), and the focal length (f) of a
spherical lens.
 The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length i.e. 1/f (in
metre). The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre (D).

 To know more about the Power of a Lens

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