Database Systems

Lecture # 1
 Required Text Book
 Book Authors
 Connolly, T. M., and Begg, C. E.
 Book Title
 Database Systems
A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation, and Management
 Book Edition and Publisher
 4th Edition, Addison Wesley, 2005.
 Reference Books
 Book Authors
 Hoffer,Jeffrey A., and Prescott, Mary
B., and McFadden, Fred R.
 Book Title
 Modern Database Management
 Book Edition and Publisher
 7th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2005.
 Reference Books
 Book Author
 Kroenke, David M.
 Book Title
 Database
Processing
Fundamentals, Design and
Implementation
 Book Edition and Publisher
 10th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2006.
 Reference Books
 Book Author
 Date, C. J.
 Book Title
 An Introduction to Database Systems
 Book Edition and Publisher
 8th Edition, Addison Wesley, 2003.
 Course Objectives
 To be able to understand the
underlying concepts of database,
and database management system
(DBMS)
 To introduce students to the
concepts of relational data model
 Analysis and design of database

application or information system

 Course Objectives..
 Experience with SQL
 Implementation of database using

SQL
 Learn to work with Microsoft SQL

Server 2008 environment

 Course Contents at a Glance
 Introduction to Database Concepts
 Database Environment

 The Relational Model

 Relational Algebra
 SQL: Data Manipulation

 SQL: Data Definition

 Database Planning, Design, and

Administration
 Course Contents at a Glance..
 Fact-Finding Techniques
 Entity-Relationship Model

 Enhanced E-R Model

 Normalization
 Advanced Normalization

 Conceptual, Logical, and Physical

Database Design
 Course Contents at a Glance..
 Transaction Management
 Security
 Marks Distribution
 Sessional(Assignments, Quiz, Presentation,

Semester Project ) 20%

 Mid Exam
30%
 Final

50%
Introduction to Databases
Chapter 1
 Chapter 1 - Objectives
 Some common uses of database systems
 Characteristics of file-based systems

 Problems with file-based approach

 Meaning of the term database (DB)
 Meaning of the term Database
Management System (DBMS)
 Chapter 1 - Objectives
 Typical functions of a DBMS.
 Major components of the DBMS
environment.
 Personnel involved in the DBMS
environment.
 History of the development of DBMSs.

 Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.

 Examples of Database
Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card

 Booking a holiday at the travel agents

 Using the local library
 Taking out insurance

 Renting a video
 Using the Internet

 Studying at university
 File-Based Systems
 Early attempt to Computerize the manual
filing system
 Collection of application programs that

perform services for the end users (e.g.

reports).
 Eachprogram defines and manages its
own data.
 Manual Filing Systems
 Works well
 while number of items to be stored is small
 For only storage or retrieval functionality of

large number of items

 File-Based Systems
 ConsiderDreamHome example for file-
based systems
 SalesDepartment : responsible for selling
and renting of properties
 Contract Department: responsible for

handling lease agreements

 Sales Department
 PropertyForRent
(propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent,
ownerNo)
 Client

(clientNo, fName, lName, telNo, preftype, maxRent)

 PrivateOwner

(ownerNo, fName, lName, address, telNo)

PropertyForRent
propertyNo street city postcode type rooms rent ownerNo

PA14 … Aberdeen … House 6 650 CO46

PL94 … London … Flat 4 400 CO87

PG4 … Glasgow … Flat 3 350 CO40

PG36 … Glasgow … Flat 3 375 CO93

PG21 … Glasgow … House 5 600 CO87

PG16 … Glasgow … Flat 4 450 CO93

PrivateOwner
ownerNo fName lName address telNo
CO46 Joe Keogh … 01224-861212
CO87 Carol Farrel … 0141-357-7419
CO40 … … … …
CO93 … … … …
Client

clientNo fName lName telNo prefType maxRent

CR76 John Kay 0207-774-5632 Flat 425
CR56 Aline Stewart 0141-848-1825 Flat 350
CR74 Mike Ritchie 01475-392178 House 750
CR62 Mary Tregear 01224-196720 Flat 600
 Contract Department
 Lease
(leaseNo, propertyNo, clientNo, rent , paymentMethod,
deposit, paid, rentStart, rentFinish, duration)
 PropertyForRent

(propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent)

 Client

(clientNo, fName, lName, telNo, preftype, maxRent)

 PropertyForRent

propertyNo street city postcode type rooms rent

PA14 … Aberdeen … House 6 650

PL94 … London … Flat 4 400

PG4 … Glasgow … Flat 3 350

PG36 … Glasgow … Flat 3 375

PG21 … Glasgow … House 5 600

PG16 … Glasgow … Flat 4 450

Lease

leaseNo propertyNo clientNo rent --- rentStart rentFinish duration

10024 PA14 CR62 650 1-Jun-05 31-May-06 12
… … … … … … … …
Client
clientNo fName lName telNo
CR76 John Kay 0207-774-5632
CR56 Aline Stewart 0141-848-1825
CR74 Mike Ritchie 01475-392178
CR62 Mary Tregear 01224-196720
File-Based Processing
 Limitations of File-Based
Approach
 Separation and isolation of data
 Each program maintains its own set of data.
 Users of one program may be unaware of potentially
useful data held by other programs.
 For example, if we want to produce a list of all houses
that match the requirements of the clients.
 Duplication of data
 Decentralized approach taken by each department.
 Same data is held by different programs.
 Wasted space and potentially different values and/or
different formats for the same item.
 Limitations of File-Based
Approach..
 Data dependence
 File structure is defined in the program code.

 Incompatible file formats

 Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot
easily access each other’s files.

 Fixed
Queries/Proliferation of application
programs
 Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
 Any new requirement needs a new program.
 Database Approach
 Arose because:
 Definition of data was embedded in application programs,
rather than being stored separately and independently.
 No control over access and manipulation of data beyond
that imposed by application programs.

 Result:
 the database and Database Management System (DBMS).
 Database
 Shared collection of logically related data,
and a description of this data, designed to
meet the information needs of an
organization.
 System catalog (metadata) provides
description of data to enable program-
data independence.
 Logically related data comprises entities,
attributes, and relationships of an
organization’s information.
 Database Management
System (DBMS)
 A software system that enables users to
define, create, maintain, and control
access to the database.

 (Database)application program: a
computer program that interacts with
database by issuing an appropriate
request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.
Database Management
System (DBMS)..
 Database Approach
 Data definition language (DDL).
 Permits specification of data types, structures and any data
constraints.
 All specifications are stored in the database.

 Data manipulation language (DML).

 General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.
 Database Approach..
 Controlled access to database may include
 A security system
 Which prevents unauthorized users accessing the database
 An integrity system
 Which maintains the consistency of stored data
 A concurrency control system
 Which allows shared access of the database
 A recovery control system
 Which restores the database to a previous consistent state in case of
hardware or software failure
 A user-accessible catalog
 Which contains description of the data in the database
 Views
 Allowseach user to have his or her own
view of the database.

 A view
is essentially some subset of the
database.
 Views - Benefits
 Reduce complexity
 Provide a level of security

 Provide a mechanism to customize the

appearance of the database

 Present a consistent, unchanging picture

of the structure of the database, even if

the underlying database is changed
 Summary
 Introduction to DB and DBMS
 File-based systems and their limitations
 Database approach
Components of DBMS
Environment
 Components of DBMS
Environment..
 Hardware
 Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
 Software
 DBMS, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
 Data
 Used by the organization and a description
of this data called the schema.
 Components of DBMS
Environment..
 Procedures
 Instructions and rules that should be applied to the
design and use of the database and DBMS.
 People
 Roles in the Database
Environment
 Data Administrator (DA)
 Database planning
 Development and maintenance of standards, policies and procedures
 Database Administrator (DBA)
 Physical realization of the database
 Physical database design and implementation
 Security and integrity control
 Maintenance of the operational system
 Ensuring satisfactory performance of the applications for users
 Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
 Application Programmers
 End Users (naive and sophisticated)
 History of Database
Systems
 Roots of the DBMS
 Apollo moon-landing project, 1960s
 NAA (North American Aviation), prime
contractor for the project
 Developed a software GUAM (Generalized
Update Access Method), hierarchical
 In mid – 1960s IBM joined NAA, result was
IMS(Information Management System)
 History of Database
Systems..
 IDS ( Integrated Data Store)
 By General Electric, network, mid-1960
 CODASYL ( Conference on Data Systems
Languages)
 DBTG (Data Base Task Group)
 History of Database
Systems..
 DBTG proposal in 1971, components
 The network schema: the logical
organization of the entire database as seen
by the DBA – which includes a definition of
the database name, the type of each record,
and the components of each record type.
 The subschema: the part of the database as
seen by the user or application program;
 A data management language to define the
data characteristics and the data structure,
and to manipulate the data.
 History of Database
Systems..
 DBTG specified three languages
A schema Data Definition Language (DDL),
which enables the DBA to define the schema.
 A subschema DDL, which allows the
application programs to define the parts of
the database they require.
 A Data Manipulation Language (DML), to
manipulate the data.
 History of Database
Systems..
 E. F. Codd, 1970
 IBM Research Laboratory
 Relational model
 System R project by IBM’S San Jose
Research Laboratory California
 Result of this project
 Development of SQL
 Commercial relational DBMS products e.g. DB2,
SQL/DS from IBM, Oracle from Oracle Corp.
 DBMS Generations
 First-generation
 Hierarchical and Network

 Second generation
 Relational

 Third generation
 Object-Relational
 Object-Oriented
 Advantages of DBMSs
 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same amount of
data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity (constraints)
 Improved security (authentication, rights)
 Enforcement of standards (data formats,
naming conventions, documentation etc.)
 Advantages of DBMSs..
 Economy of scale (economical cost)
 Balance conflicting requirements

 Improved data accessibility and

responsiveness (ad hoc queries)

 Increased productivity (developer)

 Improved maintenance through data

independence
 Increased concurrency
 Advantages of DBMSs..
 Improved backup and recovery services
 Disadvantages of DBMSs
 Complexity
 Size(disk space for DBMS)
 Cost of DBMS
 Additional hardware costs
 Cost of conversion

 Performance
 Higher impact of a failure
 Summary
 Introduction to DB and DBMS
 File-based systems and their limitations
 Database approach
 Components of the DBMS environment

 Roles in the DB environment

 History of DBMS

 Advantages/Disadvantages of DBMSs