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HEAT_AND_THERMODYNAMICS_II

The document presents a group presentation on the Carnot engine, refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps as part of a physics education course. It outlines the objectives, explains the Carnot engine and its efficiency, and describes the operation of refrigerators and air conditioners. Additionally, it discusses the coefficient of performance for these systems and the fundamental principles of thermodynamics involved in their functioning.

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5 views

HEAT_AND_THERMODYNAMICS_II

The document presents a group presentation on the Carnot engine, refrigerators, air conditioners, and heat pumps as part of a physics education course. It outlines the objectives, explains the Carnot engine and its efficiency, and describes the operation of refrigerators and air conditioners. Additionally, it discusses the coefficient of performance for these systems and the fundamental principles of thermodynamics involved in their functioning.

Uploaded by

5230200007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS EDUCATION


GROUP PRESENTATION

COURSE CODE: PHY 352


COURSE TITLE: HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS II
GROUP NUMBER: SIX (6)
TOPIC: CARNOT ENGINE/REFRIGERATORS/AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS
GROUP MEMBERS

NAMES INDEX NUMBERS

FELIX KUMATROR JNR 220033307

EVANS DARKWAH 220018203

CHRIS NANA SIMPSON 220003163

SAMUEL BUNDIMI 220003592

REJOICE AMA NUNEKPEKU 202134594


OBECTIVES

1.Carnot engine.
2.Carnot theorem.
3.Efficiency of the Carnot engine.
4.Carnot cycle.
5.Refrigerator and its mode of operation.
6.Air conditioner and its mode of operation.
7.Heat pump and its mode of operation.
CARNOT ENGINE
The Carnot engine is a theoretical cycle proposed by Nicholas Leonard sadi
Carnot.
It is an engine that operates between two temperatures which gives the thermal
efficiency of that engine and involves thermal and adiabatic processes.
The Carnot engine is a thermodynamic cycle that gives the maximum efficiency
of a heat engine while working between two temperatures in reversible thermal
and adiabatic expansion and compression processes.
It works between two temperatures a hot and a cold reservoir.
THE CARNOT THEOREM

The Carnot theorem states that;


1. The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than the efficiency
of a reversible one operating between the same two reservoirs.

2.The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between the same two
reservoirs are the same.
THE CARNOT CYCLE

The Carnot cycle involves four steps;

1. Reversible isothermal expansion of the gas at the “hot” temperature.

2. Reversible adiabatic expansion of the gas.

3. Reversible isothermal compression of the gas at the “cold” temperature.

4. Reversible adiabatic compression of the gas.


THE CARNOT CYCLE
EFFICIENCY OF THE CARNOT ENGINE
The Carnot cycle is reversible representing the upper limit on the efficiency of an engine cycle.

Practical engine cycles are irreversible and thus have inherently lower efficiency than the carnot
efficiency when operating at the same temperatures.

The Carnot cycle achieves maximum efficiency because all the heat is added to the working fluid at the
maximum temperature.

The efficiency of Carnot engine is given as η =1−T2/T1, where η is the thermal efficiency of the engine.
T1 and T2 are the two temperatures between which the engine works.
REFRIGERATOR

The refrigerator operates to transfer heat out of a cool


environment into a warm environment.
THE REFRIGERATOR SYSTEM
HOW THE REFRIGERATOR WORKS

In a refrigerator system, the electric compressor motor forces a gas at high pressure through a
heat exchanger ( condenser) on the rear outside wall of the refrigerator, where Qh is given off
and the gas cools to become liquid.
The liquid passes from a high pressure region via a valve to a low pressure tubes on the inside
walls of the refrigerator the liquid evaporates at this lower pressure and thus heat is absorbs
heat from the inside of the refrigerator.

The fluid returns to the compressor, where the cycle begins again.
AIR CONDITIONER
An air conditioner operates similar to a pump, extracting heat from a room and
expelling it outdoors.
This process involves a mechanism with refrigerant gas, heat exchanger coils,
and a compressor.
The functioning of air conditioning units is rooted in a fundamental principle of
physics
The absorption of heat when a liquid transforms into a gas.
In essence, air conditioners transfer heat from the interior of a room to the
exterior.
AIR CONDITIONER
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE AIR
CONDITIONER
1.The refrigerant begins as a low pressure/low temperature liquid in the evaporator coil inside the house.
Here, it absorbs heat from the indoor air. This cooled air is then circulated throughout the house.
Meanwhile, the refrigerant turns from a liquid to low pressure gas as it absorbs heat.

2.This gas is then transported to the unit located outside the house. Here, a compressor is used to transform
this gas refrigerant to high pressure and high temperature.

3.It is then moved to the condensation coil where the heat previously absorbed from your home is released
into the outside air. A fan blows air over the condenser, cooling and converting the refrigerant back into a
high pressure liquid.

4.The refrigerant is then moved back into the home (indoor unit) through the expansion valve, beginning
the cycle anew. The heat from inside your house is thus transferred outside, cooling the interior of your
HEAT PUMP

A heat pump is a device that can heat a house in winter by using an


electric motor that does work W to take heat Q2 from the outside at
low temperature and delivers heat Q1 to the warmer inside of the
house.
HEAT PUMP
HOW THE HEAT PUMP WORKS
A typical heat pump consists of two parts: an indoor unit called an air handler and an outdoor unit
similar to an air output unit.
A compressor circulates a refrigerant that absorbs and releases heat as it travels between these two
units. Here, the working fluid or the refrigerant (in its gaseous state) is pressurized by a compressor
and circulated through the system.
The process of compression makes the fluid hotter. The hot and pressurized vapor on the discharge
side of the compressor is cooled in a heat exchanger called a condenser until it condenses into a high
pressure, moderate temperature liquid.
The pressure of the condensed fluid is reduced using a pressure-lowering device such as a capillary
tube or an expansion valve.
The temperature of the low-pressure liquid is increased in a heat exchanger, after which the
refrigerant is made to return to the compressor, and the cycle is repeated.
THE COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE OF AC AND
REFRIGERATOR
The coefficient of performance (COP) is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided by a heat
pump, refrigerator or air conditioner to the work or energy required.

The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator or air conditioner is defined as the heat
removed from the low-temperature area divided by the work w done to remove the heat. COP
= /w

We use because it is the heat removed from inside that matters from a practical point of view.

This makes sense because the more heat that can be removed from inside the refrigerator for a
given amount of work, the better (more efficient) the refrigerator is.

Energy is conserved, so from the first law of thermodynamics we can write. + w = or w = –


CONTINUATION…
THE COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE OF A HEAT
PUMP

This is given as;

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