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Progress Report Presentation

Project Advisor: Engr. Hira Khalid

Group Members:
 M Usman Farooq 20-C-828
 Saqib Ali 20-C-859
 M Yasir Latif 20-C-861
 Zahid Hussain 20-C-863

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 Project Title

USE OF NATURAL COAGULANTS

INCLUDING PEARL MILLET AND
ALFALFA SEEDS TO TREAT THE
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

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Literature Review

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 Industrial Effluents

Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 25% of

GDP.

Major industrial sectors of Pakistan include textile,

sports, sugar, cement, fertilizer, automobile, leather,
paper and pulp, agriculture, petroleum products,
pharmaceuticals, chemical and steel.

Most Pakistani industries, located around major cities

are increasingly polluting streams and rivers through
untreated wastewater.

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 Waste water treatment
Authors/Year Key Findings Limitations
KARIA, G. L., Preliminary Treatment: Preliminary Treatment:
CHRISTIAN, • Effective removal of large debris via screening; • Limited removal of dissolved pollutants like
R.A., initial reduction of solids and grit through grit metals and organic compounds.
JARIWALA, chambers or vortex separators.
NAMRATA D. Primary Treatment: Primary Treatment:
Jan. 26, 2024 • Substantial removal of settleable and floatable • Inadequate removal of dissolved substances
solids through sedimentation or flotation, and nutrients; generation of sludge leading to
achieving up to 60-70% reduction in suspended additional costs.
solids content.
Secondary Treatment: Secondary Treatment:
• Biological degradation of organic pollutants, • Long retention times and land area
leading to significant reductions in BOD and requirements; susceptibility to upsets from
TSS. toxic substances.
Tertiary Treatment: Tertiary Treatment:
•Advanced processes including filtration, • High capital and operational costs;
disinfection, and nutrient removal, enhancing challenges in maintaining high effluent
effluent quality by removing pathogens, trace quality under varying conditions.
contaminants, and nutrients.

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 Coagulation-flocculation
Authors/Year Key Findings Limitations
K. O. • Enhanced Particle Removal: Chemical Usage: Coagulants like alum or
Iwuozor, Coagulation-flocculation aggregates ferric chloride increase operational costs and
2019. suspended particles into settleable flocs, may leave residual chemicals in treated
enhancing removal efficiency during water.
sedimentation and filtration.
• Increased Water Clarity: Formation of pH Sensitivity: Coagulation efficiency
larger flocs reduces turbidity, improving depends on pH, requiring careful monitoring
aesthetic qualities and clarity of water. for effectiveness.
• Effective Pathogen Removal: Entraps Variable Performance: Effectiveness varies
pathogens within flocs, aiding in with water quality, temperature, and
downstream water disinfection. coagulant type and dosage.
• Versatile Application: Adaptable to Sludge Generation: Significant sludge
various water sources and treatment production requires proper handling,
systems, including surface water and dewatering, and disposal, adding complexity
wastewater treatment plants. and cost.

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 Wastewater Treatment
by using natural Bio-Coagulants
Authors/Year Key Findings Limitations
P. V. V. • Effective COD Removal: Moringa oleifera seed • Increased Sludge Generation: Alum addition
Prasad, M. coagulant achieved significant COD removal, with Moringa oleifera seed coagulant
Djanaguiram with 50% removal rates at low doses. increased sludge production, posing
an, Z. P. • Synergistic Effect with Alum: Combining it challenges for disposal.
Stewart, and with alum increased COD removal to 64%, • Filter Head Loss: Alum usage caused elevated
I. A. indicating synergy between natural and filter head loss, hinting at potential
Ciampitti, chemical coagulants. maintenance issues and higher operational
Jan. 2018 • Filtration Efficiency: Sand filtration was costs.
effective, with most COD removal occurring • Dependency on Wastewater: Effectiveness of
during this stage. Moringa oleifera seed coagulant varies with
• Potential for Large-Scale Adoption: The wastewater characteristics, requiring further
approach shows promise for widespread use optimization and study.
due to its effectiveness and cost-efficiency.
• Low-Cost Extraction: Extracting the coagulant
from press cake residue offers an eco-friendly
and inexpensive source.

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 Potential Bio-Coagulants
Pennisetum Glucum
Innovative Physico-chemical treatment of
wastewater using Moringa oleifera seed coagulant.

Moringa oleifera seeds contain water-soluble

proteins acting as coagulants.

Study achieved 50% COD removal with seed doses

of 50-100 mg/l.

COD removal increased to 58-64% when combined

with alum.
Potential for large-scale adoption due to
encouraging results and cost-effective extraction
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 Potential Bio-Coagulants​
Medicago sativa
Scientific name is Medicago sativa

Common Names is Lucerne, alfalfa, purple medick

Widely distributed in temperate zones such as USA, Europe, China,

and South Africa, with cultivation in warmer climates like Pakistan,
India, Afghanistan, and Iran.

Herbaceous perennial, 1-2.5' tall, hairless stems, oblanceolate or

obovate leaflets, blue-violet flowers in short racemes.

Used as Livestock fodder, diuretic, kidney/bladder/prostate disorder

treatment, cholesterol-lowering supplement, anti-arthritic,
antidiabetic, anti-asthmatic, used in baked goods, beverages, and
prepared foods.
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Methodology

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 Materials and Methods
Parameters tested for characterization: BOD, COD,
turbidity, TSS, pH.

Testing conducted on raw industrial wastewater and after

Jar Testing.

Procedures adopted from "Standard Methods for the

Examination of Water and Wastewater" (American
Association, 1998).

Experiment divided into two steps: Coagulant preparation

and Jar testing.

Coagulant preparation involves grinding seeds into fine

powder, sieving (200 um), and drying at 60°C.

Stock solution prepared by adding 1g of fine powder to

1 1000ml distilled water.
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 Jar Test Procedure
Jar Test Procedure:

Phase 1: pH Optimization

• Fill 6 beakers with 1 liter of industrial wastewater.

• Add 50 ml dose to each beaker.
• Adjust pH using NaOH and HCl solutions.
• Conduct rapid mixing at 300 rpm for 2 minutes, followed by
slow mixing at 100 rpm for 20 minutes.
• Allow sedimentation for 30 minutes.
• Measure parameters (TSS, BOD, COD, turbidity) after
supernatant pipetting.

Phase 2: Dose Optimization

• Measure optimum PH.

• Adjust jars to optimum PH.
• Repeat procedure to determine optimum dose.
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 Removal Efficiency
Removal efficiency calculated using initial and
effluent values of parameters.

Formula: Removal Efficiency = (Influent -

Effluent) / Influent.

Influent: Characteristics of raw wastewater.

Effluent: Characteristics of wastewater after

coagulation in jar testing.

Measures effectiveness of coagulation-

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flocculation process in removing contaminants.
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PROJECT PROGRESS

60 %

Chapter 5
Conclusion &
Recommendation

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 Thank you​