ME 555 Stress Analysis

Ing. Prof. P. Y. Andoh, PhD, MGhIE

Phone: 050 797 0658
Email: [email protected]
Jan 2014
 PartII
STRESS AND STRAIN IN
ROTATING DISCS, RINGS
AND CYLINDERS

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 Rotating Solid Shafts
• Consider an element of a disc at radius r as shown in Fig.4-
1.

• Assuming unit thickness:

• volume of element =
• mass of element =
• Therefore centrifugal force acting on the element

• Now for equilibrium of the element radially

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 Rotating Solid Shafts: General
• If δθ is small, Equation
• Therefore in the limit, as δr → 0, the above equation reduces to
(4.1)

If there is a radial movement or “shift” of the element by an amount s as the disc rotates, the
radial strain is given by
(4.2)

Now it has been shown in (a)’ that the diametral strain is equal to the circumferential strain.
; (4.3)
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 Rotating Solid Shafts: General
• Differentiating, (4.4) Equation
• Equating (4.2) and (4.4) and simplifying,
(4.5)
• Substituting for from eqn. (4.1),

• Integrating,
(4.6)
where 2A is a convenient constant of integration.

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 Rotating Solid Shafts: General
• Subtracting eqn. (4.1), Equation
• But

• where -B is a second convenient constant of integration

(4.7)
• From eqn. (4.5),
(4.8)

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 Rotating Solid Shafts: General
Equation
• For a solid disc the stress at the centre is given when r = 0.

• With r equal to zero the above equations will yield infinite stresses whatever the speed of
rotation unless B is also zero, i.e. B = 0 and hence B/r2 = 0 gives the only finite solution.

• Now at the outside radius R the radial stress must be zero since there are no external forces
to provide the necessary balance of equilibrium if a,. were not zero.

• Therefore from eqn. (4.7),

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 Rotating Solid Shafts: General
Equation
• Substituting in eqns. (4.7) and (4.8) the hoop and radial stresses at any
radius r in a solid disc are given by
(4.9)
(4.10)

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 Rotating Solid Shafts: Maximum
Stresses
• At the centre of the disc, where r = 0, the above equations yield equal values of hoop and
radial stress which may also be seen to be the maximum stresses in the disc, i.e. maximum
hoop and radial stress (at the centre) (4.11)

• At the outside of the disc, at r = R, the equations give

(4.12)

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 Rotating Disc with Central Hole: General
Equations
• The general equations for the stresses in a rotating hollow disc may be obtained in
precisely the same way as those for the solid disc of the previous section,
;
• The only difference to the previous treatment is the conditions which are required to
evaluate the constants A and B since, in this case, B is not zero.

• However, returning to the rotation only case, the required boundary conditions are zero
radial stress at both the inside and outside radius,

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 Rotating Disc with Central Hole: General
Equations
; (a)
and at r = R2, = 0; (b)

• Subtracting (a) from (b) and simplifying,

;
• Substituting in eqns. (4.7) and (4.8) yields the final equation for the stresses
(4.13)
(4.14)

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 Rotating Disc with Central Hole: Maximum
Stresses
• The maximum hoop stress occurs at the inside radius where r = R 1,
• i.e.
• (4.15)
• As the value of the inside radius approaches zero the maximum hoop stress value
approaches

• This is twice the value obtained at the centre of a solid disc rotating at the same speed.
Thus the drilling of even a very small hole at the centre of a solid disc will double the
maximum hoop stress set up owing to rotation.
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 Rotating Disc with Central Hole: Maximum
Stresses
• At the outside of the disc when r = R2

• The maximum radial stress is found by consideration of the equation (4.13) is

• This will be a maximum when
i.e. when
(4.16)
• Substituting for r in eqn. (4.13)
• .; (4.17

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 Rotating Disc of Uniform
Strength
• Consider, therefore, an element of a disc subjected to
equal hoop and radial stresses, i.e

• The condition of equal stress can only be achieved, as in the case of uniform strength
cantilevers, by varying the thickness.

• Let the thickness be t at radius r and (t + δt) at radius (r + δr).

• Then centrifugal force on the element

•

• The equilibrium equation is then

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 Rotating Disc of Uniform
• i.e. in the limit
Strength

• i.e. for uniform strength the thickness of

the disc must vary according to the
• Integrating, following equation,
(4.18)
• Where is a convenient constant

• Where r = o ; t = A = t0
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 Thin Rotating Ring or Cylinder
• Consider a thin ring or cylinder as shown in Fig. 3-5
subjected to a radial pressure p caused by the centrifugal
effect of its own mass when rotating.
• The centrifugal effect on a unit length of the circumference is

• Thus, considering the equilibrium of half the ring shown in the figure, 2F = p x 2r
(assuming unit length)

F = pr

• Where F is the hoop tension set up owing to rotation.

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 Thin Rotating Ring or Cylinder
• The cylinder wall is assumed to be so thin that the centrifugal effect can be assumed
constant across the wall thickness.

• This tension is transmitted through the complete circumference and therefore is resisted by
the complete cross-sectional area.
• where A is the cross-sectional area of the ring.

• Now with unit length assumed, m/A is the mass of the material per unit volume, i.e. the
density ρ.
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 Rotating Thick Cylinders or Solid
Shafts
• In the case of rotating thick cylinders the longitudinal stress σL must be taken into account
and the longitudinal strain is assumed to be constant.

• Thus, writing the equations for the strain in three mutually perpendicular directions ,
(4.19)
(4.20)
(4.21)
• From eqn. (4.21);

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 Rotating Thick Cylinders or Solid
Shafts
• Differentiating,

• Substituting for E(ds/dr) in eqn. (4.20) and simplify

• Now, since EL is constant, differentiating eqn. (4.19), and simplify

• Dividing through by,

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 Rotating Thick Cylinders or Solid
Shafts
• But the general equilibrium equation will be the same as that obtained in 4.2, eqn. (4.1),
i.e.
• Therefore substituting for ,
;

• Integrating,
• where 2A is a convenient constant of integration.

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Rotating Thick Cylinders or Solid
Shafts
• Thus hoop and radial stresses in rotating thick cylinders can be
obtained from the equations for rotating discs provided that Poisson's
ratio u is replaced by /(l - ), e.g. the stress at the centre of a rotating
solid shaft will be given by eqn. (4.11) for a solid disc modified as
stated above,
i.e. (4.22)

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 Combined Rotational and Thermal Stresses in
Uniform Discs and Thick Cylinders
• Consider, therefore, a disc initially unstressed and subjected to a temperature rise T.

• Then, for a radial movement s of any element, eqns. (4.2) and (4.3) may be modified to
account for the strains due to temperature thus:
; (4.23)
• where α is the coefficient of expansion of the disc material.

• From eqn. (4.23),

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 Combined Rotational and Thermal Stresses
in Uniform Discs and Thick Cylinders
• Therefore from eqn. (4.23),

(4.24)

• but, from the equilibrium eqn. (4.1),

• Therefore substituting for in eqn. (4.23),

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 Combined Rotational and Thermal Stresses
in Uniform Discs and Thick Cylinders
• Integrating, (4.25)
• where, again, 2A is a convenient constant.

• Subtracting eqn. (4.1),

• But

• Integrating, -
where, as in eqn. (4.7), -B is a second convenient constant of integration.

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 Combined Rotational and Thermal Stresses
in Uniform Discs and Thick Cylinders
(4.26)

• Then, from eqn. (4.26),

(4.27)

• For thick cylinders with an axial length several times the outside diameter the above plane
stress equations may be modified to the equivalent plane strain equations by replacing by /
(), E by E/(1 - ), E by E/(1 + u)a. i.e. becomes

• In the absence of rotation the equations simplify to

(4.28)
(4.29)
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 Combined Rotational and Thermal
Stresses in Uniform Discs and Thick
Cylinders
• With a linear variation of temperature from
T = 0 at r = 0, i.e. with T=
Kr
• The equations become
(4.30)
(4.32)
(4.31)
• With a steady heat flow, for example, in (4.33)
the case of thick cylinders when Ea
becomes Eα/(1 - ). ;

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 Example 2-4
A steel ring of outer diameter 300 mm and internal diameter 200 mm is shrunk onto a solid
steel shaft. The interference is arranged such that the radial pressure between the mating
surfaces will not fall below 30 MN/m2 whilst the assembly rotates in service. If the maximum
circumferential stress on the inside surface of the ring is limited to 240 MN/m 2, determine the
maximum speed at which the assembly can be rotated. It may be assumed that no relative slip
occurs between the shaft and the ring.
For steel, , = 0.3, E = 208 GN/m2

Solution
From eqn. (3.7); (1)
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Now when r = 0.15, , = 0; (2)
 Example 2-4 Continues
Also, when r = 0.1, = -30 MN/m2; (3)
(2) – (3)

From (3),

But since the maximum hoop stress at the inside radius is limited to 240 MN/m 2, from eqn.
(4.8),
i.e.

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 Example 2-4 Continues

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 Example 2-5
A steel rotor disc which is part of a turbine assembly has a uniform thickness of 40 mm. The
disc has an outer diameter of 600 mm and a central hole of 100 mm diameter. If there are 200
blades each of mass 0.153 kg pitched evenly around the periphery of the disc at an effective
radius of 320 mm, determine the rotational speed at which yielding of the disc first occurs
according to the maximum shear stress criterion of elastic failure. For steel, E = 200 GN/m 2, υ
= 0.3, ρ = 7470 kg/m3 and the yield stress σy in simple tension = 500 MN/m2.
Solution
Total mass of blades = 200 x 0.153 = 30.6 kg
Effective radius = 320 mm

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 Example 2-5 Continues
The centrifugal force acting on this Now eqns. (4.7) and (4.8) give the general form of the
area thus produces an effective radial expressions for hoop and radial stresses set up owing
stress acting on the outside surface of to rotation,
the disc since the blades can be i.e. (1)
assumed to produce a uniform (2)
loading around the periphery.
When r = 0.05,
Therefore radial stress at outside
(3)
surface
When r=0.3
(4)

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 Example 2-5 Continues
(4) - (3),

Substituting in (3),

Therefore substituting in (2) and (l),

The stress conditions at the inside surface are
with
The stress condition at the outside surface are
with
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 Example 2-5 Continues

The most severe stress conditions therefore Thus, for failure according to this theory,
occur at the inside radius where the maximum i.e.
shear tress is greatest
i.e.
Now the maximum shear stress theory of
elastic failure states that failure is assumed to
occur when this stress equals the value of at
the yield point in simple tension,
i.e. www.knust.edu.gh
 Example 2-6
The cross-section of a turbine rotor disc is designed for uniform strength under rotational
conditions. The disc is keyed to a 60 mm diameter shaft at which point its thickness is a
maximum. It then tapers to a minimum thickness of 10 mm at the outer radius of 250 mm
where the blades are attached. If the design stress of the shaft is 250 MN/m 2 at the design
speed of 12000 rev/min, what is the required maximum thickness? For steel ρ = 7470 kg/m 3.
Solution
From eqn. (3.18) the thickness of a uniform strength disc is given by (1)
where t0 is the thickness at r = 0.
Now at r = 0.25,

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 Example 2-6 Continues
and at r = 0.03, =1

But at r = 0.25, t = 10 mm
Therefore substituting in (l),

Therefore at r = 0.03

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 Example 2-7
(a) Derive expressions for the hoop and radial stresses developed in a solid disc of radius R
when subjected to a thermal gradient of the form T = Kr. Hence determine the position Rings,
Discs and Cylinders Subjected to Rotation and Thermal Gradients 133 and magnitude of the
maximum stresses set up in a steel disc of 150 mm diameter when the temperature rise is
150°C. For steel, α = 12 X 10-6 per °C and E = 206.8 GN/m2.
(b) How would the values be changed if the temperature at the centre of the disc was
increased to 30"C, the temperature rise across the disc maintained at 150°C and the thermal
gradient now taking the form T = a + br?

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 Example 2-7 Continues
Solution
(a) The hoop and radial stresses are given by eqns. (4.28) and (4.29) as follows:
(1) (2)
In this case , the constant of integration being incorporated into the general constant A.
(3)
(4)

Now in order that the stresses at the centre of the disc, where r = 0, shall not be infinite, B
must be zero and hence B/r2 is zero.

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Also at r = R Example 2-7 Continues
Therefore substituting in (3),

Substituting in (3) and (4) and rearranging,

The variation of both stresses with radius is linear and they will both have maximum values
at the center where r = 0.
.

Now T = Kr and T must therefore be zero at the centre of the disc where r is zero.
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 Example 2-7 Continues
Thus, with a known temperature rise of 150°C, it follows that the temperature at the outside
radius must be 150°C. 150 = K 0.075, therefore K = 2000°/m

i.e.

(b) With the modified form of temperature gradient,

=

Substituting in (1) and (2),

(5)
(6)
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Now T = a+br Example 2-7 Continues
Therefore at the inside of the disc where r = 0 and T = 30°C,
30 = a + b(0) and a = 30 (7)

At the outside of the disc where T = 180°C,

180 = a + b(0.075) (8)
(8) - (7) 150 = 0.075b :. b = 2000
Substituting in (5) and (6) and simplifying,
(9)
(10)
Now for finite stresses at the centre, B=0 www.knust.edu.gh
 Example 2-7 Continues
Also, at r = 0.075, , and T = 180°C
Therefore substituting in (9),

From (9) and (I0) the maximum stresses will again be at the centre where r = 0,
i.e. , as before

N.B.
The same answers would be obtained for any linear gradient with a temperature difference of
150°C.
Thus a solution could be obtained with the procedure of part (a) using the form of distribution
T = Kr with the value of T at the outside taken to be 150°C (the value at r = 0 being
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automatically zero).
 Example 2-8
An initially unstressed short steel cylinder, internal radius 0.2 m and external radius 0.3 m, is
subjected to a temperature distribution of the form T = u + b log, r to ensure constant heat
flow through the cylinder walls. With this form of distribution the radial and circumferential
stresses at any radius r , where the temperature is T. are given by

If the temperatures at the inside and outside surfaces are maintained at 200°C and 100°C
respectively, determine the maximum circumferential stress set up in the cylinder walls. For
steel, E = 207 GN/m2, u = 0.3 and α = 11 x 10-6 per °C.

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Solution
Example 2-8 Continues

(1)

Also
(2)
(2) – (1) 100=-0.4055b; b = -246.5 = -247

Also =1.6 x 106

Therefore substituting in the given expression for radial stress, www.knust.edu.gh
 Example 2-8 Continues
0
At r = 0.3, and T = 100
(3)
At r = 0.2, and T = 200
(4)

(4) – (3)
B = -11.5 x 106
and from (4), A = 25B + 3.2 x 108 = (-2.88 + 3.2)108 = 0.32 x 108
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 Example 2-8 Continues
substituting in the given expression for hoop stress,

The maximum tensile circumferential stress therefore occurs at the outside radius and has
a value of 140 MN/m2. The maximum compressive stress is 180 MN/m2 at the inside radius.

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THANK YOU

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