LECTURE 12

PAINT
 PAINTS
• Components of paint
• Manufacture of paint
• Application of paint
• Properties of paint
• Types of paint
• Uses of paint
• Choice of paint
• Defects of paint
 PAINT
•A liquid which when applied to a suitable
surface forms a continuous solid film by
oxidation or evaporation and is used for
coating purpose, rust prevention, colouring.
•Coating – walls, doors
•Colouring – road markings, demarcations of
places
•Protection – rust protection, ceilings by
varnishing
 Functions of paint
• to protect the coated surface against possible
stresses—mechanical or chemical;
• Protect from deterioration—physical or
environmental
• decorate the structure by giving smooth and
colourful finish
• check penetration of water
• check the formation of bacteria and fungus, which
are unhygienic and give ugly look to the walls
• Check the corrosion of the metal structures
• check the decay of wood work and to varnish the
 Characteristics of an ideal paint
• The requirements are:
• uniform spread as a thin film,
• high coverage,
• good workability and durability,
• sufficient elasticity to remain unaffected by
expansion or contraction of the surface to be
painted or by weathering action of atmosphere.
• The paints should also be:
• impervious to air and water,
• affordable and economical to form a hard
surface.
 COMPONENTS OF PAINTS
• Pigment
• Stabiliser
• Solvent
• Base
• Binder
• Extender
• Dryer
 PIGMENT
• are used to hide the surface imperfections and to
impart the desired colour. Pigments are finely ground
mineral, organic substances or metal powders; their
size in organic coatings ranges from 0.1 to 5.0 microns
in diameter.
• Properties
– covering power,
– colouring capacity,
– fineness,
– fire resistance,
– chemical stability
– and weather resistance.
 SOLVENT/THINNERS
• These are colorless liquids that are included in
the paint (or clear finish) and work on the
binder to thin the quality of the paint.
• This dilutes the coating and improves the ease
of application and increases penetration of
the product. The solvent then evaporates
after application during the drying out
process.
 SOLVENT/THINNERS
• A solvent must be chosen that dries evenly, and
in which the binder is soluble but not so soluble
that it won't polymerise.
• For emulsion paints the solvent is simply water,
and for resin-based paints a variety of organic
compounds are used with the most common
being mineral turpentine.
Properties
• Adjust the curing properties
• Responsible for workability
 BINDER
• It holds the constituents of paint in suspension
and helps spread it over the surface to be
painted.
Properties
• imparts durability,
• toughness
• and waterproofness to the paint film
• and resistance to weathering
• and gloss to the painted surface
• and forms the body of the paint
 Base
• The base material, usually white titanium
dioxide, produces the required opacity and
possesses binding properties which reduce
the shrinkage cracks in the film when drying.
 Extenders
• Most of the extender pigments occur naturally
and others can be produced synthetically.
• Extenders are solid components of paint. They
are finely ground natural materials, most
commonly earth, and they have no effect on the
colour of the paint, but they do alter some
properties.
• Aluminium silicate, magnesium silicate (talc),
silica, calcium carbonate (synthetic and natural)
and barium sulfate are some commonly
used extender in paints and coatings.
 EXTENDERS
• They have many varied functions:
• Provide easier application of the paint.
• Provides greater adhesive properties.
• Provides roughness in the film (i.e. undercoats).
• Gives body to the paint, increases bulk in the coating.
• Prevents heavy pigments from settling out.
• Provides a greater water resistance.
• Flatten bases.
• Reduces the cost of paints.
• Increases the hardness of the paint film.
 DRIERS
• also known as plasticizers, are chemicals
added to paint for specific purposes, e.g., as
catalyst (accelerate the drying of the vehicle)
for the oxidation, polymerisation and
condensation of the vehicle in paint.
 MANUFACTURE OF PAINT
• For commercial manufacturing of paints a
four-storey building is used to have
gravitational flow of materials.
• Pigments, oil, thinner, plasticizer, drier, etc.
are stored on the fourth floor and are fed by
means of chutes in proper proportions, to the
grinding mill placed on the third floor and are
ground.
• The thoroughly ground materials are then
sent to storage tanks on the second floor.
 MANUFACTURE OF PAINT
• The charge in the tanks is kept in motion by
agitation mechanism so that settling of
materials does not take place.
• An additional quantity of vehicle is added here
to get the desired composition.
• The batch is then tested for quality control.
• The paint material is then strained and sent to
first floor, where it is packed in containers.
Finally the packed material in containers is
sent to the ground floor.
The factors affecting the quality of
paint
• quality of ingredients,
• grinding,
• intimate mixing and proportioning,
• straining,
• packing
 APPLICATION OF PAINT

Painting a new surface

Surface Preparation
• Paint cannot take care of construction defects.
• Before applying the paint it is ensured that the
surface is free from dust, dirt, loose matter,
grease etc. and is rubbed with an emery paper,
to provide a mechanical key between surface
and paint for satisfactory adhesion.
 APPLICATION OF PAINT
Sequence of Painting
• The primer (first coat) is applied with brush or
spray on the prepared surface.
• It should be thinned with water or thinner in
the recommended manner and proportion
before application.
• After drying it is rubbed with emery paper.
• Dents and cracks, if any, are filled with putty
using a knife applicator.
• Putty should not be applied thick.
• If the required thickness is large, it should be
 APPLICATION OF PAINT
• After the putty has dried, the whole surface is
rubbed down well in order to smoothen the
putty and provide a mechanical key to the
finished coats.
• Two or three finish coats are applied.
• Each coat is allowed to dry before the
application of next coat.
 APPLICATION OF PAINT
Painting old surfaces
• The procedure depends on the state of the
existing coating.
• If any of the defects discussed below is very
much pronounced it is completely removed
and the surface is painted as a new surface.
Chalking - Clean the surface, rub with an emery
paper so that the chalk is removed. Apply one
or two finish coats.
 APPLICATION OF PAINT
• Effloresence, Blistering, Cracking & Flaking-
Scrap off the old paint from affected areas.
• Touch up with primer and apply one or two
finish coats on affected areas. Rub the entire
surface and apply the finish coats.
• Glossy surface- Remove all gloss by rubbing
with emery paper and then apply the finish
coats.
• Fungus Growth-Remove the fungus.
• Apply fungicidal solution liberally and observe
for further growth. If no further growth of
fungus is observed apply the desired paint.
 APPLICATION OF PAINT
• Primer
• Undercoat
• Finish coat
 PRIMER
• The primer must adhere well to the substrate,
offer protection from deterioration or
corrosion and provide a good base for the
undercoat. To ensure adhesion, the substrate
surface must be free of loose or degraded
material.
• To reduce suction of water from other finishes
• To seal any pores or uneven surfaces
 UNDERCOAT
• Undercoats provide cover and a good base for
the finishing coat. Most undercoats are based
on alkyd resins or acrylic emulsions.
• Provides a smooth finish
• Improves inter coating adhesion
• Improves the opacity
• To level out any irregularities/depressions
• Creates a base for the final coat
 FINISH COAT
• Finishing coats provide a durable and
decorative surface.
• Should have resistance to corrosion, chemical
inactive, water proof.
 PROPERTIES OF PAINT
• Resistance to corrosion
• Waterproof
• High adhesive strength
• Durable
• Heat resistance
• Has a colour
• Easy to clean
• No offensive smell
• Should have a drying time
USES OF PAINT
 TYPES OF PAINT
• Oil based paint
– Contains pigments usually suspended in linseed
oil, a drier, and mineral spirits or other type of
thinner.
– The linseed oil serves as the binder for the
pigments, the drier controls drying time, the
thinner controls the flowing qualities of the paint.
– As the thinner evaporates, the mixture of
pigments and oil gradually dries to an elastic skin
as the oil absorbs oxygen from the air or "cures
 TYPES OF PAINT
– The curing action bonds a tough paint film to the
applied surface. Oil paints are used inside and outside
and are regarded as the traditional house paint.
─ Also known as alkyds, these paints are most
commonly reserved for high-moisture areas
such as bathrooms and kitchens and those
subject to heavy wear or prone to impact
including trim, floors, and sometimes cabinets.
 TYPES OF PAINT
• This high-gloss paint also has a longer drying
time than latex paint, so you're less likely to see
brush strokes.
• However, alkyds are typically more expensive
than latex paint,
• can have a strong odor when drying,
• and typically contain more VOCs (volatile
organic compounds), so they are not the most
environmentally friendly.
• Also, it's important to note that painting with
alkyds requires cleanup with chemical solvent
mineral spirits or paint thinner.
 TYPES OF PAINT
• Water based paint
• Water based paints can nearly always be
thinned and cleaned up (if require/specified)
with clean, cold water.
• This fast-drying paint cleans up with soap and
water,
• Is environmentally responsible with fewer VOC’s
(volatile organic compounds) and has excellent
performance
• Latex paint is also known for its flexibility to
withstand movement and its ability to prevent
mildew and moisture from entering a building
 TYPES OF PAINT
• Water based paint is available in many colours and
sheens and can be used in almost any application
in a building, from exteriors and trim to interior
walls and woodwork
Properties
– Dries through evaporation
– Water impermeable
– Scratch resistant
 DEFECTS OF PAINT
Effect of weather
• The paint film is subjected to chemical attack of
atmosphere, sunlight and heat, all deteriorating it
• Blue and green colours tend to fade when exposed to
bright light. Fading can be prevented by frequent
polishing with wax. Remedy is to remove in part using
a machine polishing with fire abbrasive paste.
• In addition the fierce heat of sun may breakdown the
paint film because of the disintegration of the material
itself and also because of the thermal movement.
• The most common defects noticed after painting are
as as follow:
 Defects of paint
Blistering and Peeling
• are swelling of the paint film and can be
defined as localized loss of adhesion between
one or more coatings or between primer and
parent surface.
• When swelling is because of oil or grease on
the surface it is known as blistering and in case
of moisture it is called peeling.
• It occurs in nonporous coatings such as oil
based paints and enamels.
• A special heat-resisting type of paint should be
used for hot surfaces such as radiators.
 Defects of paint
Causes of Blistering and peeling
• It is brought about by moist air, oily or greasy
surface, or imprisoned gases between the
painted surface and the paint film, which
expand under the influence of heat.
Cure
Emulsion paints provide a porous coating and
allow the moisture to pass through
 Defects of paint
Checking
• is a mild form of cracking. If hair cracks produced
enclose small area it is known as crazing. In case the
enclosed area is large the defects is called crocodiling.
Causes
• It is caused when the paint film lacks in tensile
strength and occurs when paint is applied during very
cold weather or because of insufficient drying of
undercoat.
Cure
• When cracks are very small and do not enlarge with
time, the top coating is flattened with emery paper
and a fresh coat of paint is applied.
 Defects of paint
Cracking
• The cracks extend throughout the entire paint system
extending right down to the original surface.
Causes
1. Cracks in the plaster or masonry do not let the paint to
remain intact.
2. Paint applied on glossy surface.
3. Premature application of top coat before the previous
coat has completely dried.
4. Painting improperly seasoned wood.
Cure
• The causes of cracking should be attended to.
 Defects of paint
Flaking
• is detachment of paint film from the surface.
Cause
• The moisture penetrates through the cracks on the
coatings and the bond between surface and paint
film is lost.
Cure
• Use of plastic emulsion paints.
• Surface should be rubbed with emery paper before
applying a fresh coat.
• All dirt or dust on surface should be removed prior
to painting.
 Defects of paint
Chalking
• Paint film becomes powder due to insufficient oil in
primer.
Alligatoring
• One layer of paint films sliding over the other one,
when a hard paint is applied over a soft one or vice
versa.
• Wrinkling or crawling
• appears when the paint film is quite thick or the oil in
the paint is more than required.
• The lower portion of the paint does not dry due to
greater thickness of the paint film which shrinks due to
drying in course of time.
 Defects of paint
Running and sagging
• Paints applied over smooth and glossy surface do not
stick and flow back or towards the unpainted area.
• This is known as running and sagging. The surface to-be
painted should, therefore, be rubbed with an emery
paper before painting.
Mildew
• Mildew thrives in warm, moist and dark places. Zinc
oxide and phenol mercury oleate are very useful to
check its growth.
Bloom
• is identified as dull patches on the finished, polished or
painted surface due to defect in the quality of paint or
 Defects of paint
Flashing
• is characterized by the appearance of certain
glossy patches on the painted surface.
• The reasons attributed to this defect are
weathering actions, use of cheap paint, and
poor workmanship.
Grinning
• is due to the imperfect opacity of the paint film
even after the final coat. The background and
its defects can be clearly visible in such a case.
 Defects of paint
Saponification
• Formation of soap patches on painted
surfaces.
Cause
• Occurs when oil-based paints are softened
and liquefied by the alkali in the plaster
Remedy
• Remove the defective coating, wash down the
surface, rinse and allow it to dry, then repaint.