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Inductive-And-Deductive-Reasoning Video

The document provides an overview of inductive and deductive reasoning, defining key terms such as logic, propositions, consistency, and completeness. It explains the processes of reasoning, illustrating inductive reasoning with examples that move from specific observations to general conclusions, and deductive reasoning that derives specific conclusions from general premises. The document also highlights the importance of valid arguments and the structure of syllogisms.

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celso beo
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6 views27 pages

Inductive-And-Deductive-Reasoning Video

The document provides an overview of inductive and deductive reasoning, defining key terms such as logic, propositions, consistency, and completeness. It explains the processes of reasoning, illustrating inductive reasoning with examples that move from specific observations to general conclusions, and deductive reasoning that derives specific conclusions from general premises. The document also highlights the importance of valid arguments and the structure of syllogisms.

Uploaded by

celso beo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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P R O B L E M S O LV I N G

& REASONING

INDUCTIVE
AND
DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
DEFINITION OF TERMS

• LOGIC – THE STUDY OF FORMAL


REASONING BASED ON SENTENCES,
ARGUMENTS, OR STATEMENTS AND IT
DEALS WITH PROPOSITION
DEFINITION OF TERMS

• PROPOSITIONS – IS A DECLARATIVE SENTENCE


THAT IS EITHER TRUE OR FALSE BUT NOT
BOTH. IT DETERMINES THE VALIDITY OR
INVALIDITY OF A CONCLUSION DEDUCED FROM
TWO OR MORE STATEMENTS OR PREMISES.
(DECLARATIVE SENTENCE – ARE SIMPLY
STATEMENTS THAT RELAY INFORMATION.)
“ARISTOTLE (384 – 322 BC)”
DEFINITION OF TERMS

• THE SERIES OF STATEMENTS OR PRESMISES TOGETHER


WITH THE CONCLUSION IS BEING INVESTIGATED.
• THE INFERENCE OR CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM
PREMISES IS SAID TO BE VALID OR TRUE IF THE
PREMISES ARE TRUE.
• LOGICAL SYSTEMS SHOULD ALWAYS HAVE
CONSISTENCY AND COMPLETENESS.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

•CONSISTENCY – NONE OF
THE PROPOSITIONS OF THE
SYSTEM CONTRADICT ONE
ANOTHER.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

•COMPLETENESS – MEANS THERE


ARE NO TRUE SENTENCES IN THE
SYSTEM THAT CANNOT, AT LEAST
IN PRINCIPLE, BE PROVED IN THE
SYSTEM.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

•REASONING – THE PROCESS OF


THINKING ABOUT SOMETHING IN
A RATIONAL MANNER TO DRAW A
VALID CONCLUSIONS.
PROPOSITIONS

“ALBAY IS IN BICOL
REGION”
“1 + 3 = 1”
NOT PROPOSITIONS

“WHAT IS YOUR WIFI


PASSWORD?”
“TURN THE CELLPHONE
ON.”
INDUCTIVE REASONING

• INDUCTIVE REASONING – IS A METHOD OF


REASONING FROM PARTICULAR TO GENERAL.
• I.R IS SOMETIMES CALLED BOTTOM-UP
APPROACH, IT IS ABOUT ARIVING AT A
CONCLUSION ON THE BASIS OF PRINCIPLE
FACTS WHICH GUIDE YOU TOWARDS IT.
EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING
“ U N D E R S TA N D I N G I . R ”

THE CHAIR IN THE LIVING ROOM IS RED -PREMISE


THE CHAIR IN THE DINING ROOM IS RED. -PREMISE
THE CHAIR IN THE BEDROOM IS RED. -
PREMISE

ALL CHAIR IN THE HOUSE ARE RED. -


CONCLUSION
EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING
“ U N D E R S TA N D I N G I . R ”

ALL THE TIGERS ARE OBSERVED IN A PARTICULAR


REGION HAVE BLACK STRIPES ON ORANGE FUR.
-PREMISE

THEREFORE, ALL TIGERS NATIVE TO THIS REGION


HAS BLACK STRIPES ON ORANGE FUR. -
CONCLUSION
EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING
“ U N D E R S TA N D I N G I . R ”

EVERYTIME, YOU EAT PEANUTS, YOUR


THROAT SWELLS UP AND YOU CAN’T
BREATHE.
SO, YOU ARE ALLERGY TO PEANUTS.
EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING
“SEQUENCE”

WHAT WILL BE THE NEXT TERM?


4, 8 ,12, 16, 20,…
17, 14, 11, 8, 5, …
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, …
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, …
EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING
“WEAK I.R”

DIANE BUYS A RED CANDY IN THE STORE NEAR


TO THEIR HOUSE.
DIANE BUYS A BLUE CANDY IN THE STORE NEAR
THEIR HOUSE.
THEREFORE, DIANE BUYS EVERY COLOR OF
CANDY IN THE STORE NEAR THEIR HOUSE.
EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING
“WEAK I.R”

AMBOY ALWAYS BEAT THE RED LIGHT.


THEREFORE, EVERYBODY BEATS
THE RED LIGHT.
EXAMPLE OF INDUCTIVE REASONING
“WEAK I.R”

SOME DOGS THAT HAVE BEEN


OBSERVED CAN BARK.
THEREFORE, ALL DOGS CAN BARK.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

• DEDUCTIVE REASONING – IS A METHOD OF


REASONING FROM GENERAL TO PARTICULAR.
• D.R IMPLIES LOGICAL CERTAINTY, IF PREMISES ARE
TRUE AND THE LOGIC OF THE ARGUMENT IS VALID,
THEN THE CONCLUSION IS CERTAINLY TRUE.
• IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR THE PREMISES TO BE TRUE IF
THE CONCLUSION IS FALSE.
EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING
“A R I S T O T L E ’ S S Y L L O G I S M ”

ALL MEN ARE MORTAL. -PREMISES


SOCRATES IS A MAN. -PREMISES
THEREFORE, SOCRATES IS A MORTAL.
- CONCLUSION
EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING
“A R I S T O T L E ’ S S Y L L O G I S M ”

ALL ACTORS ARE ROBOTS. -PREMISES


CHRIS HEMSWORTH IS AN ACTOR -PREMISES
THEREFORE, CHRIS HEMSWORTH IS A
ROBOT. - CONCLUSION
EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING
“USING VENN DIAGRAM”

ALL A ARE B; B A

IF A, THEN B; U

A IS A SUBSET OF B, HAVE A VENN


DIAGRAM.
EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING
“USING VENN DIAGRAM”

SOME A ARE B; A B
AT LEAST ONE A, ISUB;
HAVE A VENN DIAGRAM.
EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING
“USING VENN DIAGRAM”

A
NO A ARE B;
A AND B ARE DISJOINT; B
U

HAVE A VENN DIAGRAM.


EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING
“USING VENN DIAGRAM”

ALL ACTORS ARE ROBOTS. -PREMISES


CHRIS HEMSWORTH IS AN ACTOR -PREMISES
THEREFORE, CHRIS HEMSWORTH IS A ROBOT. -
CONCLUSION
ACTO
R

ROBOT
U
EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING
“ I N VA L I D A R G U M E N T S I L LU S T R AT E D
USING VENN DIAGRAM”

ALL COWS ARE MAMALS. -PREMISES


BESSIE IS A MAMMAL. -PREMISES
THEREFORE, BESSIE IS A COW. - CONCLUSION

COW
X S

MAMMA
LS
U
EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING
“ I N VA L I D A R G U M E N T S I L LU S T R AT E D
USING VENN DIAGRAM”

SOME MUSHROOMS ARE EDIBLE. -PREMISES


DEADLY DAPPERLING IS A MUSHROOM -PREMISES
THEREFORE, DEADLY DAPPERLING IS EDIBLE. -
CONCLUSION
X
EDIBLE
MUSHRO
OM
U
P R O B L E M S O LV I N G
& REASONING

INDUCTIVE
AND
DEDUCTIVE
REASONING

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