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Chapter 16.1 discusses sound waves as longitudinal waves that carry energy through various media, with speed influenced by temperature and density. It covers concepts like intensity measured in decibels, pitch related to frequency, and how the ear processes sound. Additionally, it explains sound production in musical instruments, resonance, and applications of sound in imaging and navigation, such as ultrasound and sonar.

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7 views

Physical+Science+Chapter+16.1+Notes

Chapter 16.1 discusses sound waves as longitudinal waves that carry energy through various media, with speed influenced by temperature and density. It covers concepts like intensity measured in decibels, pitch related to frequency, and how the ear processes sound. Additionally, it explains sound production in musical instruments, resonance, and applications of sound in imaging and navigation, such as ultrasound and sonar.

Uploaded by

vade.samms
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 16.

1 – Sound
sound waves –
longitudinal waves that are caused by vibrations and travel
through a material medium
- sound waves carry energy through a medium
- the speed of sound depends on temperature and the medium the wave
travels through
- higher temperature the medium – the faster the sound wave, particles
move faster and collide more often
Chapter 16.1 – Sound
- denser the medium – faster the sound wave
- some solids, like rubber, dampen or reduce vibrations
- the loudness of a sound depends partially on the energy of the sound
wave
intensity –
rate at which a sound wave transmits energy through a given area
of a medium
- intensity depends on amplitude of a wave and the distance from the
source
Chapter 16.1 – Sound
- intensity is measured in decibels (dB)
- an increase of 10 dB means that the sound is twice as loud
- quietest sound humans can hear is 0 dB
- 120 dB is the threshold of pain, hurts ears and extended exposure can
cause deafness
- normal conversation usually around 50 dB
Chapter 16.1 – Sound
pitch –
how high or low a sound is
- depends on the frequency of a wave
- high pitch, high frequency
- humans can hear sounds as low as 20 Hz and as high as 20,000 Hz
infrasound –
sounds lower than a human can hear
ultrasound –
sound with a frequency above 20,000 Hz
- dogs can hear up to 46,000 Hz
Chapter 16.1 – Sound
how the ear hears
the outer ear
- sound waves pass down the ear canal to the eardrum
the middle ear
- the eardrum transfers the vibrations to 3 bones called the hammer, anvil,
and stirrup
the inner ear
- the stirrup sends vibrations into the cochlea
- in the cochlea the basilar membrane vibrates and stimulates hairs that
send signals to nerves which go to the brain, which interprets the sound
Chapter 16.1 – Sound
Chapter 16.1 – Sound
musical instruments produce sound through the vibration of strings
(violin), air columns (flute, trumpet), or membranes (drums)
- instruments use standing waves to produce sound
- the ends of the string or instrument are the nodes
- changing the length of the part of the instrument that can vibrate
changes the frequency
the primary standing wave of an instrument has a wavelength twice the
length of the instrument
- that wave’s frequency is called the instrument’s fundamental frequency
Chapter 16.1 – Sound
the instrument vibrates in response to a vibrating string, air column, or
membrane
- the vibration of the instrument is a forced vibration
- the body of the instrument has specific frequencies it will vibrate at
called natural frequencies
- when the string and instrument vibrate at the same frequency the
sound is amplified through resonance – a phenomenon that occurs
when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency
Chapter 16.1 – Sound
- reflected sound waves can be used to determine distances and to create
images
- ultrasound waves reflect off materials of different densities
- the reflected images are turned into an image called a sonogram
- to see an image, the wavelength must be smaller than the object being
viewed
- the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength
- sonograms use frequencies of 15,000,000 Hz to see objects 1 mm in
size
Chapter 16.1 – Sound
sonar – sound navigation and ranging –
uses acoustic signals and echoes to determine the location of
objects
- uses ultrasound to determine distances to the ocean floor, schools of
fish, or find submarines

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