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The document outlines the fundamental components and organization of computer architecture, focusing on the Central Processing Unit (CPU), its functions, and the elements of a computer system. It details the roles of the storage unit, input/output equipment, and the instruction cycle within the CPU, including the significance of interrupts and various CPU components. Additionally, it describes the instruction set and types of operations that can be performed by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

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Jisan Prodhan
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2 views

lec1.1 (1)

The document outlines the fundamental components and organization of computer architecture, focusing on the Central Processing Unit (CPU), its functions, and the elements of a computer system. It details the roles of the storage unit, input/output equipment, and the instruction cycle within the CPU, including the significance of interrupts and various CPU components. Additionally, it describes the instruction set and types of operations that can be performed by the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

Uploaded by

Jisan Prodhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Architecture

Processor Organization
Book followed
Second Edition
Computer Architecture and Organization
John P Hayes
Elements of a Computer System (1)
• Storage Unit or Main Memory
– Stores the programs in electronic circuits
– Generally used for storing Programs
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Like the brain of human being
– Must be able to interpret the instruction in the program
– Two Parts
• Program Control Unit (PCU)
• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
– PCU does all the control functions
– ALU does all the computations
Elements of a Computer System (2)
• Input Output Equipment
– Printer, Screen, Plotter etc
– Data will be sent to the I/O equipment
– A device for human interaction
– A device to show the result of the program
Functions of CPU
• Main Job is to
– Fetch the instructions from the main memory
– Execute the the instruction accordingly
• Sequence of operations involved in processing,
called instruction cycle
– Phase 1: fetch cycle
– Phase 2: execution cycle
• Micro operations
– The behavior of CPU during execution sequence
– Called CPU cycle time, the clock rate of CPU
Interrupt
• I/O operation requires very small amount of CPU
Time.
– Transferring data between memory and a I/O device such
as floppy disk
• CPU does not need to dedicate full time for I/O
operation
• It can start the operation and do other job
• When the I/O is done then CPU will be notified by
the I/O device
– This is called interrupt
Basic CPU Organization (1)
• CPU design concerns
– CPU should be fast enough using recent
technologies
– The number of components should be as low as
possible because of cost
• Memory Concern
– A large capacity required for the programs
– So technology is slower and less costly
Basic CPU Organization (2)
• Registers
– Costly and faster memory units in the CPU
– Used for buffering during the instruction cycles
– Might be accessible to the users
– Might be for internal use
• Memory Mapped I/O
– I/O operation is equivalent to load from memory or
storing to a memory location
– I/O devices are identified by memory location
• Port Addressed I/O
– A separate ID for the I/O devices
Components of CPU (1)
• Accumulator (AC): A temporary register to
store the results from ALU
• Program Counter (PC) : Pointer to the
memory where current instruction is stored
• Instruction Register (IR): Storing the
current instruction to be executed
• Address Register (AR): Holding the address
of the location in memory to be read.
Components of CPU (2)
• Data Register (DR): Content of the memory
location addressed in AR
• Control Circuit
– Contains instruction decoder
– generates signals for a particular instruction
– Different signals for different clock cycles
Phases of Add Instruction
• Fetching
– AR  PC
– DR  M (AR), read operation
– IR  OP Code of DR
– Decode instruction
• Adding numbers
– AR  DR (Address)
– DR  M(AR), read operation
– AC  AC + DR (adding by ALU)
Available Operations of ALU
• Takes two inputs
– One from ACC
– One from the DR
• Performs the following
– Arithmetic: Addition, Subtraction
– Logical: AND, NOT, OR, XOR
Instruction Set
• Two parts of an Instruction
– Opcode
– Zero, one or multiple number of operands
• Different types of operands
– A value
– An address of memory location
– An address of memory
Different types of Instruction
• Data Transfer
– MOVE, STORE, LOAD
• Arithmetic
– ADD, SUB, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, INC
• Logical
– AND, OR, NOT
• Program Control
– JUMP, SKIP, COMPARE (Changes the value of
Program counter)
• Input Output
– INPUT (READ), OUTPUT( Write)

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