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Fourier Transform and Spectra: G G G G

Fourier Transform of a waveform definition: [.] denotes The Fourier Transform of [.] f is the frequency parameter with units of Hz (1 / s) w(t) is Fourier transformable if it satisfies both Dirichlet conditions. A weaker sufficient condition for the existence of The Fourier Transform is the existence of a Fourier transform.

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72 views

Fourier Transform and Spectra: G G G G

Fourier Transform of a waveform definition: [.] denotes The Fourier Transform of [.] f is the frequency parameter with units of Hz (1 / s) w(t) is Fourier transformable if it satisfies both Dirichlet conditions. A weaker sufficient condition for the existence of The Fourier Transform is the existence of a Fourier transform.

Uploaded by

Sedat Ister
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Fourier Transform and Spectra Topics:  Fourier transform (FT) of a waveform  Properties of Fourier Transforms  Parsevals Theorem and Energy Spectral Density  Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function  Rectangular and Triangular Pulses  Convolution
Huseyin Bilgekul Eeng360 Communication Systems I Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Eastern Mediterranean University

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Fourier Transform of a Waveform Definition: Fourier transform


The Fourier Transform (FT) of a waveform w(t) is:

[.] denotes the Fourier transform of [.] f is the frequency parameter with units of Hz (1/s).
where

 W(f) is also called Two-sided Spectrum of w(t), since both positive and negative frequency components are obtained from the definition
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Evaluation Techniques for FT Integral


 One of the following techniques can be used to evaluate a FT integral:
Direct integration. Tables of Fourier transforms or Laplace transforms. FT theorems. Superposition to break the problem into two or more simple problems. Differentiation or integration of w(t). Numerical integration of the FT integral on the PC via MATLAB or MathCAD integration functions. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the PC via MATLAB or MathCAD FFT functions.
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Fourier Transform of a Waveform


 Definition: Inverse Fourier transform
The Inverse Fourier transform (FT) of a waveform w(t) is:
g

w(t ) !

W ( f )e j 2T ft df
g

 The functions w(t) and W(f) constitute a Fourier transform pair.


g

w(t ) !

W ( f )e j 2T ft df
g

W( f ) !

g

w(t )e  j 2T nft dt

Time Domain Description (Inverse FT)

Frequency Domain Description (FT)

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Fourier Transform - Sufficient Conditions


 The waveform w(t) is Fourier transformable if it satisfies both Dirichlet conditions: 1) Over any time interval of finite length, the function w(t) is single valued with a finite number of maxima and minima, and the number of discontinuities (if any) is finite. 2) w(t) is absolutely integrable. That is,
Above conditions are sufficient, but not necessary. A weaker sufficient condition for the existence of the Fourier transform is:

E!

g

w(t ) dt

Finite Energy

where E is the normalized energy. This is the finite-energy condition that is satisfied by all physically realizable waveforms.

Conclusion: All physical waveforms encountered in engineering practice are Fourier transformable.
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Spectrum of an Exponential Pulse

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Spectrum of an Exponential Pulse

Plot of the real and imaginary parts of FT


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Properties of Fourier Transforms


 Theorem : Spectral symmetry of real signals If w(t) is real, then
Superscript asterisk is conjugate operation.

Proof: Substitute -f Take the conjugate

=
Since w(t) is real, w*(t) = w(t), and it follows that W(-f) = W*(f). If w(t) is real and is an even function of t, W(f) is real. If w(t) is real and is an odd function of t, W(f) is imaginary.
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Properties of Fourier Transforms


 Spectral symmetry of real signals. If w(t) is real, then:
W ( f ) ! W (  f )

Magnitude spectrum is even about the origin.

|W(-f)| = |W(f)| (A)


Phase spectrum is odd about the origin.

(-f) = - (f)

(B)
Corollaries of

Since, W(-f) = W*(f) We see that corollaries (A) and (B) are true.

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Properties of Fourier Transform

f, called frequency and having units of hertz, is just a parameter of the FT that specifies what frequency we are interested in looking for in the waveform w(t). The FT looks for the frequency f in the w(t) over all time, that is, over - < t < W(f ) can be complex, even though w(t) is real. If w(t) is real, then W(-f) = W*(f).

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Parsevals Theorem and Energy Spectral Density


 Persavals theorem gives an alternative method to evaluate energy in frequency domain instead of time domain.  In other words energy is conserved in both domains.

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Parsevals Theorem and Energy Spectral Density

The total Normalized Energy E is given by the area under the Energy Spectral Density

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TABIE 2-1: SOME FOURIER TRANSFORM THEOREMS 2-

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Example 2-3: Spectrum of a Damped Sinusoid 2-

 Spectral Peaks of the Magnitude spectrum has moved to f = fo and f = -fo due to multiplication with the sinusoidal.
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Example 2-3: Spectrum of a Damped Sinusoid 2-

Variation of W(f) with f W(f


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Dirac Delta Function


 Definition: The Dirac delta function (x) is defined by

g

w( x )H ( x) dx ! w(0)

H(x) x

where w(x) is any function that is continuous at x = 0. An alternative definition of (x) is:

g

H ( x )dx ! 1

g , x =0 H ( x) ! 0, x { 0
The Sifting Property of the function is

g

w( x )H ( x  xo )dx ! w( xo )

If (x) is an even function the integral of the

function is given by:

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Unit Step Function


 Definition: The Unit Step function u(t) is:
1, u (t ) ! 0, t>0 t<0

Because ( ) is zero, except at = 0, the Dirac delta function is related to the unit step function by

du (t ) ! H (t ) dt

g

H ( P ) d P ! u (t )
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Spectrum of Sinusoids Sinusoi


 Exponentials become a shifted delta
Aej2Tfct
fc

%H(f-fc)
H(f-fc)

H(f )

H(fc)H(f-fc) H(fc) ej2Tfct

 Sinusoids become two shifted deltas


%H(f+fc) 2Acos(2Tfct)
-fc fc

%H(f-fc)

 The Fourier Transform of a periodic signal is a weighted train of deltas

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Spectrum of a Sine Wave

A V ( f ) ! ?H ( f  f o )  H ( f  f o )A 2

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Spectrum of a Sine Wave

Sine Wave with an Arbitrary Phase w(t ) ! A sin([0t  U 0 ) ! A sin[[0 (t  A W( f ) ! j e 2


jU 0 f fo

U0 [0

)]

?H ( f  fo )  H ( f  fo )A

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Sampling Function
 The Fourier transform of a delta train in time domain is again a delta train of impulses in the frequency domain.  Note that the period in the time domain is Ts whereas the period in the frquency domain is 1/ Ts .  This function will be used when studying the Sampling Theorem.

-3Ts

-2Ts

-Ts
g

Ts

2Ts

3Ts

-1/Ts

0
g

1/Ts

w(t ) !

TsH (t  nTs )
n !g

k W ( f ) ! TsH ( f  ) Ts k !g
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