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Principles of Cancer[1]

Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth that can lead to tumors, which may be benign or malignant. Malignant tumors can metastasize and are treated through various methods including surgery and chemotherapy. Cancer classification includes types based on site of origin and tissue types, with risk factors such as genetics, lifestyle, and environmental influences contributing to its development.

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6 views11 pages

Principles of Cancer[1]

Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth that can lead to tumors, which may be benign or malignant. Malignant tumors can metastasize and are treated through various methods including surgery and chemotherapy. Cancer classification includes types based on site of origin and tissue types, with risk factors such as genetics, lifestyle, and environmental influences contributing to its development.

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ranjityadav091234
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRINCIPLES OF CANCER

V I S H A L K . YA D AV
CANCER

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other
parts of the body.
When cells in some area of body duplicate without control, the excess of tissue that develops called tumor or
neoplasm.

A tumor is a lump or growth that can be benign or malignant (cancer).

Benign tumors usually grow slowly, don't grow into tissues around them, and don't grow into other parts of
the body. They also don't often cause symptoms unless they grow large enough to push on other structures.
Benign tumors are not cancer.

Malignant tumors (cancer) can grow quickly and uncontrollably. These tumors can grow and spread into
areas close by. Cells from these tumors can break away, travel through blood or lymph system, and begin to
grow in other parts of the body. When this happens it is called metastasis. Symptoms from malignant tumors
usually vary depending on where the tumor is located. Malignant tumors are treated with surgery, radiation,
and drugs such as chemotherapy.
CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER

[I] Classification by Site of Origin


By primary site of origin, cancers may be
of specific types like
• Breast cancer
• Lung cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Liver cancer
• Renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer),
• Oral cancer
• Brain cancer etc.
II] CLASSIFICATION BY TISSUE TYPES

Based on tissue types cancers may be classified into six major categories:

1. Carcinoma: This type of cancer originates from the epithelial layer of cells
that form the lining of external parts of the body or the internal linings of organs within
the body.

2. Sarcoma: These cancers originate in connective and supportive tissues including


muscles, bones, cartilage and fat. Bone cancer is one of the sarcomas termed as
Osteosarcoma.

3. Myeloma: These originate in the plasma cells of bone marrow. Plasma cells are capable
of producing various antibodies in response to infections.
4. Leukemia: This group of cancers are grouped within blood cancers. These cancers affect
the bone marrow which is the site for blood cell production. When cancerous, the bone
marrow begins to produce excessive immature white blood cells that fail to perform their
usual actions

5. Lymphoma: These are cancers of the lymphatic system. Unlike the leukemias,
which affect the blood and are called “liquid cancers”, lymphomas are “solid cancers”.
These may affect lymph nodes at specific sites like stomach, brain, intestines etc.

6.Central nervous system cancers: Cancers that begin in brain tissue or the
spinal cord are known as central nervous system cancers. Primary brain tumors
develop in the brain
Important Pathogenesis
PATHOGENESIS
ETIOLOGY

Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells. Which leads to apoptosis
and activation of oncogene

• Host factor: Host factors are intrinsic to individual patient and include age, sex,
genetic factor, psychological factor, immune suppression and chronic tissue trauma.

• Environmental and life style factor: Environmental and life style factors include
geographic location, cigarette smoking, nutrition and occupation. Certain cancers
are more prevalent in some geographic locations. The risk of developing certain
cancers is increased by obesity, lack of regular exercise, drinking too much alcohol,
smoking and eating a lot of red meat. Cigarette smoking greatly increases risk of
lung cancer.
• Infection: Some germs (viruses and bacteria) are associated to certain cancers.
hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus is usually related to hepatocellular carcinoma and
have an increased risk of dDeveloping cancer in livera

Radiation: Exposure to radioactive materials and nuclear fallout can increase


the risk of leukemia and other cancers.of liver.

Genetic factors: Genetic mutation is inherited from parents. This type of mutation accounts
for a small percentage of cancers Most gene mutations occur after birth and are not inherited.

Age: Older persons have a greater tendency to develop neoplasm from lack of
effective control mechanisms.
Symptoms

Depending on cell type, origin, location of trauma, condition of host includes:

• Malnutrition due to cytokines produced by tumor, obstruction of GIT, anorexia,


depression.
Pain due to nerve injury related to radiation or chemotherapy.
Infection due to immunosuppressant
(barrier break down by cancer).
Fatigue due to malnutrition, anemia and depression.
• Bleeding due to platelet deficiency
tumor production interfere normal
clotting.
• Hormonal imbalances due to
inappropriate secretion of hormone by
tumor cells.
• Obstruction of hollow organs.
Treatment

• Chemotherapy:
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy:
• stem cell transplant:
• Biological therapy:
• Hormone therapy
• Gene therapy:
• Targeted drug therapy:
•
THANK YOU

Vishal K. Yadav​
8707644096
[email protected]

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