Foundation & Geotechnical Engineering

CE-430 (2 Credit Hours)

Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering
6th Semester (Spring 2021)

Ch-3: Lec-6
Foundation Settlements: Immediate Settlement
Instructor:

Dr Irshad Ahmad

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
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 Contents

 Foundation Settlement- Introduction

 Some Typical Loads on Building Foundations
 Number and Depth of boring
 Immediate settlement calculations using Theory of Elasticity
 SPT Procedure
 SPT corrections
 SPT correlations
 Immediate settlement using SPT
 Immediate Settlement-(Layered Soil)

(rigid)= 0.93 x (flexible, center)

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Standard Penetration Test (ASTM D-1586)

Rope
Tripod
Hammer

Guiding Rod

Anvil

Boring rod

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 Standard Penetration Test (ASTM D-1586)
 Practicing Engineers use the SPT widely in estimating the bearing capacity of
soils and to assess the in-situ relative density of a sand deposit.
 The test is performed using a split spoon barrel sampler 50mm external
diameter, 34.93 mm internal diameter and about 650mm in length and
connected to the end of boring rods.
 After boring has been advanced to the desired sampling elevation and
excessive cutting has been removed, attach the split spoon sampler to the
sampling rods and lover into borehole.
 Drive the sample with blows from 140lb (63.5 kg) hammer falling freely
through a height of 760mm (30 inch).
 The sampler is advanced under the impact of the hammer into three
successive (6 inch) increments. (i.e. total 18 inch).

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 Standard Penetration Test (ASTM D-1586)
 Count the number of blows in each 6 inch increment until one of the
following occurs
 A total of 50 blows have been applied during any of the three 6
inch increments.
 A total of 100 blows have been applied
 There is no observed advance of the sampler during the
application of 10 successive blows of the hammer.
 The sampler is advanced the complete 18 inch without the
limiting blow counts occurring as describe in 1,2 and 3.
 The 1st 6 inch is considered to be a seating drive. The sum of the
number of blows required for the 2nd and 3rd 6-inch penetration is
termed the standard penetration resistance or the N-value.
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Split spoon sampler
Disturbance caused by Split spoon sampler
 Disturbance caused by Standard Split spoon sampler

For standard split spoon sampler;

Hence, these samples are highly disturbed. Split-spoon samples

generally are taken at intervals of about 1.5 m. When the material
encountered in the field is sand (particularly fine sand below the water
table), recovery of the sample by a split-spoon sampler may be
difficult). In that case, a devise such as a spring core catcher may have
to be placed inside the spilt spoon.
Thin wall tube sampler (Shelby tubes)

For Shelby tube sampler;

Hammers
 Hammer Efficiency
SPT Hammer Efficiency

Note : For any soil, hammer energy efficiency ƞH multiplied by blow count N is
constant.
 Example

Hammer efficiency of First equipment , ƞH1 =60%

Blow count for first equipment, N60 =12
Hammer efficiency of 2nd equipment , ƞH2 =70%
Find N70 for 2nd equipment in same soil=?

As we know

So,

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 Corrected N- value
In the field, the magnitude of ƞH can vary from 30 to 90%. The standard
practice now in the U.S. is to express the N-value to an average energy
ratio of 60% (  N60). Thus, correcting for field procedures and on the
basis of field observations, it appears reasonable to standardize the field
penetration number as a function of the input driving energy and its
dissipation around the sampler into the surrounding soil, or

Where

N60 = standard penetration number, corrected for field conditions

N = measured penetration number

ƞH = hammer efficiency (%)

ƞB = correction for borehole diameter

ƞS = sampler correction

ƞR = correction for rod length

N-value corrections
 N-value corrections (Overburden)
In granular soils, the value of N is affected by the effective overburden pressure,
o. For that reason, the value of N60 obtained from field exploration under
different effective overburden pressures should be changed to correspond to a
standard value of o. That is,

Where

(N1)60 = value of N60 corrected to a standard value of o [100 kPa (2000 lb/ft2)]

CN = correction factor

N60 = value of N obtained form field exploration.

o in psf

o in kPa
SPT Correlations for Relative Density (Dr) & Friction angle ()
SPT Correlations
 SPT Correlations

 Undrained shear strength cu(kN/m2) = 29 (N60)0.72 [Hara, et al. 1971]

 Immediate Settlement: SPT
For B  F4 N60

SI Fps
25 mm or 1 inch

F1 0.05 2.5
For B > F4
F2 0.08 4
F3 0.3 1
F4 1.2 4
 Design N Values

GL

0.5B

2B
 z1
N1 𝑁 1 𝑧 1+ 𝑁 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑁 3 𝑧 3
𝑁 𝑎𝑣 =
𝑧1 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧3
z2
N2

z3
N3

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 Problem
The average N60 blow count =7 in the effective zone for a footing located at D=1.6 m
(blow count average in range from 1 to 4 m depth), find allowable bearing capacity for
a 40 mm settlement? Present data as a curve of qa versus B.

When B=1.5 m
0
D=1.6 m
1

As B(1.6) > F4 (1.2) , So, B

Nav =7

4
When B=2 m

N60

SI Fps

F1 0.05 2.5
F2 0.08 4
F3 0.3 1
F4 1.2 4
 PROBLEM

N60 within depth of 10 m;

 PROBLEM
Given Data
Qapp=102,000 kg=(102,0009.81)/1000  1000 kN
D=1.5 m
Hi=25 mm
N60 =10 N60
Solution
SI Fps
Assume B=2
F1 0.05 2.5

As B(1.5) > F4 (1.2) , So,

F2 0.08 4
F3 0.3 1
F4 1.2 4

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 Example (Bowels P-543)
 Find allowable BC qa to ensure
 FOS=3 against Shear failure
 Si <= 50 m

Solution:
(1) Shear Criteria:
qu = c Nc sc +  D Nq + ½  B N s
BC factors: For ⱷ = 0, Nc = 5.14, Nq = 1 and
N = 0
Shape factors: sc=1.3, and s=0.8
qu (net)= qu(gross) - D =
(1505.14 1.3 + 18.7  1.5 1) - 18.7 
1.5 = 1000 kPa
qsafe = qu/FOS = 334 kN/m2

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 Example
 Find allowable BC qa to ensure
 FOS=3 against Shear failure
 Si <= 50 m
Solution: (shear Criteria)

BC factors for =0

c=qu(av)/2=300/2=150 kPa
Shape Factors: sc=1.3 , s=0.8

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Settlement Criteria

Es1= 1000 cu = 1000(300/2)=150 000 kPa Assume B=14 m

Es2= 500(N55+15)= 500[18(70/55)+15]=18950 kPa ,

For µ=0.33 , I=0.42 (after interpolation)

Es2= 500(N55+15)= 500[22(70/55)+15]=22 000 kPa

Allowable Bearing Capacity:

qa=200 kPa, settlement controls:
As the design proceeds and B is found to
be substantially different from 14m, it may
Es2= 500(N55+15)= 500[40(70/55)+15]=32 900 kPa be necessary to revise qa.

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Design Curve

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 From Budhu Book

 12.12.1 SPT
 Some Typical Loads on Building Foundations
 Number and Depth of boring
 Immediate settlement calculations using Theory of Elasticity
 SPT Procedure
 SPT corrections
 SPT correlations
 Immediate settlement using SPT