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ATP cycle

The document discusses the ATP cycle, detailing its structure, synthesis, and role in cellular processes. It highlights the discovery and history of ATP, its function as an energy currency in cells, and the mechanisms of ATP synthesis through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, it outlines the various biological activities that ATP supports, such as muscle contraction and chemical synthesis.

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7 views

ATP cycle

The document discusses the ATP cycle, detailing its structure, synthesis, and role in cellular processes. It highlights the discovery and history of ATP, its function as an energy currency in cells, and the mechanisms of ATP synthesis through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, it outlines the various biological activities that ATP supports, such as muscle contraction and chemical synthesis.

Uploaded by

ap7805804787
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GOVERNMENT NAGARJUNA POST GRADUATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE

RAIPUR, CHHATTISGARH

M.SC. MICROBIOLOGY
- SEMESTER
2023-24

topic :

ATP CYCLE
Submitted BY Submitted TO
AISHWARYA T P Microbiology
department
Content
1. Introduction

2. History

3. Structure

4. ATP Cycle

5. ATP synthesis

6. Role Of ATP

7. Reference
Introduction

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that provides


energy to drive many process in living cell such as muscle contraction, nerve
impulse propagation and chemical synthesis found in all forms of life.

ATP is often referred as the “molecular unit of currency” of intracellular energy


transfer.

ATP breaks down into ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and Pi (inorganic phosphate)
there by donating its chemical energy to carry out the various functions like :

biosynthesis of macromolecules, transport of ions & molecules and for doing


mechanical work.
History

ATP was first discovered in 1929 by a German chemist Karl


Lohmann , who is called the father of ATP and phycology. The
structure of ATP got established after few years.

In 1948, Alexander Todd (UK) synthesis ATP chemically.

In 1935, a Russian scientist Valdimir Engelhert notes that muscle


contraction requires ATP . Between 1939 and 1941 Fritz Lipman
(USA) showed that ATP is the main Bearer of chemical energy in
the cell .
Structure
The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a
nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded
phosphate groups.

A single molecule of ATP contains 10 carbon, 16 hydrogen, 5 nitrogen, 13


oxygen and 3 phosphorus atoms.

The formula of ATP is C10H16N5O13P3.

The two covalent bonds also called as phosphoanhydride bonds are


present between phosphate groups and are written as adenosine–
p~p~p or A–p~p~p, Where, A is adenosine p stands for a phosphate group
~ denotes a high-energy bond
ATP Cycle
There are two outer phosphates of ATP that have high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds
which are readily transferrable. The terminal phosphate of ATP creates unfavourable
repulsions between adjacent negative charges.

The terminal phosphate can be hydrolysed by adding water. This hydrolysis reaction is
catalysed by ATP hydrolase enzyme

The released inorganic phosphate is stabilized by resonance and hydrogen bonds formed
with water.

On the other hand, the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi will reverse hydrolysis reaction.
This condensation reaction is energetically unfavourable and must be coupled to other
energetically favourable reactions.

This reaction is catalysed by ATP synthase enzyme.


Steps
To supply cells with energy a high energy bond in ATP is broken. ADP is formed
and a phosphate is released back into the cytoplasm.
ATP ADP + phosphate + energy
As the cell requires more energy ADP becomes ATP when a free phosphate
attaches to the ADP molecule then energy needed to create an ATP molecule is
much less than the amount of energy produced when the bond is broken.
ADP + phosphate + energy ATP
ATP Synthesis
There are two types of ATP synthesis.
1) Substrate-level phosphorylation:
The synthesis of ATP by direct transfer of phosphate group from a
substrate ( high energy intermedia ) to a molecule of ADP .
Occurs in the Glycolysis and TCA cycle.
Takes place in cytoplasm.
2 )Oxydative Phosphorylation:
The synthesis of ATP from ADP ( phosphorylation ) that occurs when NADH
and FADH 2 are oxidised through electron transfer chain.
Oxidation coupled with phosphorylation is called oxidative phosphorylation.
Mitochondira are the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.
Role of ATP

ATP is the most common energy source used as an energy cell for
activities such as - photosynthesis and protein synthesis.

performing mechanical work.

active transport of molecules through cell membranes.

inactivating protein molecules which are not required.

on/off switch for controlling various

chemical reactions.
Reference

https://www.studyandscore.com/studymaterial-detail/atp-cycle-
structure-and-role-of-atp-in-biological-reactions

https://www.britannica.com/science/adenosine-triphosphate
THANK YOU

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