Purposive

Communication

Princess S. De Juan, LPT,

MAEd
Instructor I
January 2025
The Basics of Communication
• Definition
• Elements of Communication
• Models of Communication
• Principles of Communication
• Ethics in Communication
Defi nition of
Communication
Communication is the process of using messages to
generate meaning (Pearson, et al., 2011).
Communication is the process of sending and receiving
messages sometimes through spoken or written words,
and sometimes non-verbally through facial expressions,
gestures, and voice qualities (Ober & Newman, 2013).
Broadly speaking, communication is a process of
sharing opinions and information, ideas and feelings
(Jimenez & Alparo, 2000).
Defi nition of
Communication
Communication is a systematic process in which people
interact with and through symbols to create and
interpret meanings (Wood, 2012).
In its simplest form, communication is the transmission
of a message from a source to a receiver (Baran, 2011).
Communication is the process of sending information to
oneself or another entity, usually via a language (Palta,
2007).
Elements of Communication
1. People
• They are involved in the communication
• Have two roles -sources and receivers of the message
• It is a simultaneous process
Elements of Communication
2. Message
• The verbal or non-verbal form of the idea, thought or
feeling that one intends to communicate to another
person or group of people.
• Verbal—pertains to the language one utters. It comes
in the form of words, phrases and sentences which can
be either be oral or written.
• Non-verbal—refers to gestures, body movements, sign
languages and facial expressions that carry with them
their own meaning.
Elements of Communication
3. Channel
• Refers to the means with which the message is delivered.
• Airwaves and cable –receiving television messages
• Sound waves –radio messages
• Sound waves and light waves –face to face communication
• With the advent of technology, social networking sites have
been used as channel to send and receive messages.
Elements of Communication
4. Feedback
• Receiver’s verbal and non-verbal response to the
source’s message.
Elements of Communication
5. Encoding and Decoding
• Encoding is the process of translating an idea or a
thought into communication.
• Suppose you describe your ideal partner in class—the
one with long hair and light brown eyes.
• The translation of the mental image into a verbal
description of your ideal partner is actually the process
of encoding in itself.
Elements of Communication
5. Encoding and Decoding
• When your classmates hear this verbal descriptions,
they start using these words and develop their own
mental image. This process is called decoding—the
process of assigning meaning to an idea or thought.
Elements of Communication
6. Noise or Barrier
• In the context of communication, noise refers to any
interference in the encoding and decoding process
which affect the clarity and understanding of a
message.
Physical noise (environment)
Psychological noise (distractions caused by internal thoughts)
Physiological noise (caused by listener’s own body)
Elements of Communication
7. Context – the environment, situation, and condition in
which communication occurs.
Physical context - refers to the actual setting in which the
communication is taking place. It includes the physical
aspects like the weather, how loud the area is, the time of
day the meeting takes place, the location in which the
meeting is held, and other physical factors.
Elements of Communication
Psychological context includes the mental and emotional
factors in a communication encounter. Stress, anxiety,
and emotions are just some examples of psychological
influences that can affect our communication.
Elements of Communication
Cultural context includes various aspects of identities
such as race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual
orientation, class, and ability.
Relational Context – Focuses on the specific relationship
between the people communicating. It is about how close,
distant, formal the relationship is.
Elements of Communication
Social context -refers to the stated rules or unstated norms
that guide communication. As we are socialized into our
various communities, we learn rules and implicitly pick up
on norms for communicating. Some common rules that
influence social contexts include don’t lie to people, don’t
interrupt people, don’t pass people in line, greet people
when they greet you, thank people when they pay you a
compliment, and so on. Parents and teachers often
explicitly convey these rules to their children or students.
Rules may be stated over and over, and there may be
punishment for not following them.
The Communication Process
1. Transmission Model
The transmission model of communication describes communication
as a linear, one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits
a message to a receiver (Ellis & McClintock, 1990). This model
focuses on the sender and message within a communication
encounter. Although the receiver is included in the model, this role is
viewed as more of a target or end point rather than part of an ongoing
process. We are left to presume that the receiver either successfully
receives and understands the message or does not.
Models of Communication
1. Transmission Model
Models of Communication
2. Interaction Model

The interaction model of communication describes communication

as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and
receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving
feedback within physical and psychological contexts (Schramm,
1997).
Models of Communication
2. Interaction Model
Models of Communication
3. Transactional Model
The roles of sender and receiver in the transaction model of
communication differ significantly from the other models. Instead of
labeling participants as senders and receivers, the people in a
communication encounter are referred to as communicators. Unlike
the interaction model, which suggests that participants alternate
positions as sender and receiver, the transaction model suggests
that we are simultaneously senders and receivers.
Models of Communication
3. Transactional Model
For example, on a first date, as you send verbal messages about your interests
and background, your date reacts nonverbally. You don’t wait until you are
done sending your verbal message to start receiving and decoding the
nonverbal messages of your date. Instead, you are simultaneously sending
your verbal message and receiving your date’s nonverbal messages. This is an
important addition to the model because it allows us to understand how we are
able to adapt our communication—for example, a verbal message—in the
middle of sending it based on the communication we are simultaneously
receiving from our communication partner.
Models of Communication
3. Transactional Model
Principles of Communication
7Cs
1. Clear (message should be easily understood)
2. Concise (few words; don’t add unnecessary details)
3. Concrete (specific)
4. Correct (accurate)
5. Cohesive (well-organized)
6. Complete (having all the necessary data/info)
7. Courteous (polite, respectful)
Ethics in Communication
• Ethics deals with one’s judgment of rightness or
wrongness, appropriateness or inappropriateness of a
course of action or decision.
• It is a set of moral principles guiding the society to
maintain social order.
Ethics in Communication
The following are some of the guidelines for becoming an
ethical communicator.
1. Ethical communicator is honest.
2. Ethical communicator is well aware of the consequences
of their thoughts and actions.
3. Ethical communicator values diversity and respect
other’s opinions.
4. Ethical communicator is just and fair.