Expert Systems

An expert system is It performs this by The expert system is a It solves the most complex
a computer extracting part of AI, and the first issue as an expert by
program that is knowledge from its ES was developed in the extracting the knowledge
designed to solve knowledge base year 1970, which was stored in its knowledge
complex problems using the the first successful base. The system helps in
and to provide reasoning and approach of artificial decision making for
decision-making inference rules intelligence. complex problems
ability like a human according to the using both facts and
expert. user queries. heuristics like a human
expert.
Below are some popular examples of the
Expert System:
• DENDRAL: It was an artificial intelligence project that was made as a chemical analysis
expert system. It was used in organic chemistry to detect unknown organic molecules with
the help of their mass spectra and knowledge base of chemistry.
• MYCIN: It was one of the earliest backward chaining expert systems that was designed to
find the bacteria causing infections like bacteraemia and meningitis. It was also used for the
recommendation of antibiotics and the diagnosis of blood clotting diseases.
• PXDES: It is an expert system that is used to determine the type and level of lung cancer. To
determine the disease, it takes a picture from the upper body, which looks like the shadow.
This shadow identifies the type and degree of harm.
• CaDeT: The CaDet expert system is a diagnostic support system that can detect cancer at
early stages.
 Characteristics
of Expert System
• High Performance: The expert system provides
high performance for solving any type of complex
problem of a specific domain with high efficiency
and accuracy.
• Understandable: It responds in a way that can be
easily understandable by the user. It can take input in
human language and provides the output in the same
way.
• Reliable: It is much reliable for generating an
efficient and accurate output.
• Highly responsive: ES provides the result for any
complex query within a very short period of time.
Components of
Expert System

• An expert system mainly

consists of three components:
• User Interface
• Inference Engine
• Knowledge Base
 User Interface
• With the help of a user interface, the
expert system interacts with the user,
takes queries as an input in a readable
format, and passes it to the inference
engine.
• After getting the response from the
inference engine, it displays the output
to the user.
• In other words, it is an interface that
helps a non-expert user to
communicate with the expert system
to find a solution.
 Inference Engine(Rules of
Engine)
• The inference engine is known as the brain of the expert
system as it is the main processing unit of the system.
• It applies inference rules to the knowledge base to derive a
conclusion or deduce new information.
• It helps in deriving an error-free solution of queries asked by
the user.
• With the help of an inference engine, the system extracts the
knowledge from the knowledge base.
• There are two types of inference engine:
• Deterministic Inference engine:
• The conclusions drawn from this type of inference engine
are assumed to be true.
• It is based on facts and rules.
• Probabilistic Inference engine:
• This type of inference engine contains uncertainty in
conclusions, and based on the probability
Inference engine uses the below
modes to derive the solutions:

Forward Chaining: It starts Backward Chaining: It is a

from the known facts and backward reasoning
rules, and applies the method that starts from
inference rules to add their the goal and works
conclusion to the known backward to prove the
facts. known facts.
Components of Knowledge Base

Factual Knowledge: The

Heuristic Knowledge: This
knowledge which is based
knowledge is based on
on facts and accepted by
practice, the ability to guess,
knowledge engineers comes evaluation, and experiences.
under factual knowledge.
Capabilities of the Expert
System
• Advising: It is capable of advising the human being for the query of
any domain from the particular ES.
• Provide decision-making capabilities: It provides the capability of
decision making in any domain, such as for making any financial
decision, decisions in medical science, etc.
• Demonstrate a device: It is capable of demonstrating any new
products such as its features, specifications, how to use that product,
etc.
• Problem-solving: It has problem-solving capabilities.
• Explaining a problem: It is also capable of providing a detailed
description of an input problem.
• Interpreting the input: It is capable of interpreting the input given by
the user.
• Predicting results: It can be used for the prediction of a result.
• Diagnosis: An ES designed for the medical field is capable of
diagnosing a disease without using multiple components as it already
contains various inbuilt medical tools.
Advantages of Expert Systems
• These systems are highly reproducible.
• They can be used for risky places where the human presence is not safe.
• Error possibilities are less if the KB contains correct knowledge.
• The performance of these systems remains steady as it is not affected by
emotions, tension, or fatigue.
• They provide a very high speed to respond to a particular query.
 Limitation of Expert System
• The response of the expert system may get
wrong if the knowledge base contains the wrong
information.
• Like a human being, it cannot produce a creative
output for different scenarios.
• Its maintenance and development costs are very
high.
• Knowledge acquisition for designing is much
difficult.
• For each domain, we require a specific ES,
which is one of the big limitations.
• It cannot learn from itself and hence requires
manual updates.
 • In designing and manufacturing domain
It can be broadly used for designing and manufacturing
physical devices such as camera lenses and
automobiles.
• In the knowledge domain
Applicatio These systems are primarily used for publishing the
relevant knowledge to the users. The two popular ES
n of used for this domain is an advisor and a tax advisor.
• In the finance domain
Expert In the finance industries, it is used to detect any type of
possible fraud, suspicious activity, and advise bankers
System that if they should provide loans for business or not.
• In the diagnosis and troubleshooting of devices
In medical diagnosis, the ES system is used, and it was
the first area where these systems were used.
• Planning and Scheduling
The expert systems can also be used for planning and
scheduling some particular tasks for achieving the goal
of that task.