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Lecture 4 Analog Instruments

The document discusses the basic features and mechanisms of analog indicating instruments, including deflection, control, damping, and indicating mechanisms. It highlights the operation of the D'Arsonval meter movement, which utilizes a moving coil to indicate DC and AC quantities, and explains the dynamic behavior of galvanometers during the transition to steady-state deflection. Key constants such as displacement and inertia are also addressed in relation to the performance of galvanometers.

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2 views

Lecture 4 Analog Instruments

The document discusses the basic features and mechanisms of analog indicating instruments, including deflection, control, damping, and indicating mechanisms. It highlights the operation of the D'Arsonval meter movement, which utilizes a moving coil to indicate DC and AC quantities, and explains the dynamic behavior of galvanometers during the transition to steady-state deflection. Key constants such as displacement and inertia are also addressed in relation to the performance of galvanometers.

Uploaded by

cherrygranger1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Instruments

By:
Somesh Kumar Malhotra
Lecturer,ECE Deptt.,UIET,CSJM University
 BASIC FEATURES OF AN ANALOG INDICATING
INSTRUMENT
All analog indicating instruments have the
following constructional parts :
 a deflection mechanism
 a control mechanism
 a damping mechanism and
 an indicating mechanism.
The deflection mechanism causes a
deflecting torque to act on the moving
system of the instrument.
 BASIC FEATURES OF AN ANALOG INDICATING
INSTRUMENT
 One part of this mechanism will be usually located
on the stationary member of the instrument and the
other part on the moving member.
 Under the action of the deflecting torque (Md)*
which is a function of the quantity to be
measured (qi), the moving system starts to rotate
from the initial position.
 The details of the deflection mechanism depend on
the measurand and the effect of electrical current or
voltage being exploited for the purpose of
measurement.
BASIC FEATURES OF AN ANALOG INDICATING
INSTRUMENT
 The control mechanism serves to ensure that the rotation of
the moving system is limited to a fraction of a revolution
and that the final deflection is to a definite position for a
given measurand. A pair of phosphor-bronze helical springs
are usually employed for this purpose.
 They exert on the moving system, a control torque (Mc),
which acts in a direction opposite to that of Md and is
proportional to the angular displacement (Ө) from the initial
position.
 A damping mechanism is also provided in an instrument to
avoid undue oscillations of the moving system about the
rest position whenever the measurand changes. This
enables readings to be taken quickly.
• The damping mechanism brings about a damping torque (M),
proportional to the angular velocity of the moving system. It is
therefore clear that damping mechanism does not affect the final
steady deflection which is essentially dependent on a balance
between the deflection and control torque. A typical way of
achieving damping action is by the movement of an aluminium
vane in a chamber (dash pot) against air-friction. Figure shows
typical arrangements of the control springs and dashpot-vane
combination on the moving system of an indicating instrument.
• A pointer attached to the moving system and a graduated scale
constitute the indicating mechanism. In very sensitive instruments, a
mirror may be fixed to the moving system. Light from a spot-source
will get reflected by this miror. Rotation of the miror along with the
moving system will cause the image of the light spot to move on a
graduated scale. In this manner, minute angular deflections of the
moving system can be made to produce large deflections on the
scale.
Types of Damping
Types of Damping
2.1: D’ARSORVAL METER MOVEMENT

• Also called Permanent-Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC).


• Based on the moving-coil galvanometer constructed by
Jacques d’ Arsonval in 1881.
• Can be used to indicate the value of DC and AC
quantity.
• Basic construction of modern PMMC can be seen in
Figure above.

10
2.1.1:Operation of D’Arsonval Meter
• When current flows through the coil, the core will rotate.
• Amount of rotation is proportional to the amount of
current flows through the coil.
• The meter requires low current (~50uA) for a full scale
deflection, thus consumes very low power (25-200 Uw).
• Its accuracy is about 2% -5% of full scale deflection

11
12
13
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER

• When we pass current through a galvanometer


it does not reach its steady state deflection
immediately but there is a time interval or
period of transition during which the moving
system of the galvanometer deflects from it
initial position to the final steady state position.
• The dynamic behaviour to the galvanometer
during this period is examined by the equation
of motion.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER

Constants of the galvanometer “Intrinsic Constant”

• i.Displacement constant:The deflecting torque is given by


Td=Gi
Where G is the displacement constant of the galvanometer
and is equal to NBld
The units of G are Nm/A.
• ii Inertia constant: A retarding torque is produced owing
to inertia of moving system. This torque is dependent upon
the moment of inertia of moving system and the angular
acceleration.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF GALVANOMETER

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