Rules for Online Classroom

Dear Students
Teaching
Greetings!
In order to ensure the success of online classes, please follow the following
etiquettes:
1.Keep your video and audio button on mute so that there is no disturbance.
2.Please do not post irrelevant messages on the comment section.
3.Do not meddle with the teacher’s audio/PPT.
4.Use laptop/PC instead of smart phones.
5.The students must leave the team group once the session is over.
6.Do not use this platform for personal conversations.
SUCHITRA DUGGAL
AIS-43
 Ch. 2:End of Bipolarity
Mind Map
1.Soviet System
2.What led to the
disintegration of USSR?
3.Gorbachev’s rescue
plan
4.Consequences of the
disintegration.
 Timeline
• Ruled by Czars-kings of Soviet Union
• Conflict between the Proletariats and
the Bourgeoisie
• Russian Revolution of 1917
ended the Russian empire.
• This was followed by Russian
Civil War .
• Resulted in the formation of
Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR) in
1922.
• Vladimir Lenin-founder head of USSR, a
Marxist-inspired Communism.
 Sickle and the Hammer
Bourgeoisie –the Capitalist Class
Proletariat-the Working Class
Disintegration of USSR
USSR-Location in the World
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) had a total
of 15 republics before its disintegration in 1991. Russia was
one of the republics. Listing below the member republics in
the country.
 Socialist Bloc-Second World
• USSR ≠ Socialist Bloc.

• Not to be confused with USSR; these are East Europeans countries,

which showed allegiance to USSR and socialist/communist
principles.

• USSR was the leader of the Socialist bloc.

• Most of these countries were under Fascist rule during second world
war, when USSR liberated them, they came under USSR control.

• Warsaw pact was the military alliance which kept the socialist group
together. (Remember – NATO, the military alliance for capitalist countries)
 Soviet System Pg.18
1.Based on ideals of Socialism.
2.Opposed to Capitalism.
3.Need for an egalitarian society.
4.Abolish Private Property.
5.Most important is the State.
6.All resources were owned by the State –welfare of the masses.
 What were the problems in the Soviet System?
Pg. 18-19
4/6 Marker

1.Bureaucratic and authoritarian system.

2.Lack of democracy.
3.Lack of freedom of speech.
4.One party system (Communist) – unaccountable to the
people.
5.Dominance of Russia; neglect of the interests of other
republics.
6.High expenditure on defense, low on infrastructure and
technology.
 Why did the Soviet Union disintegrate?6 Marker Pg. 20-21
• 1.Economic Weakness
• The weakness of the economy was the major cause of dissatisfaction among the people in USSR. There
was sever shortage of consumer items. The reason for economics weakness were the following.
1.Huge military spending.
2.Maintenance of satellite states in Easter Europe.
3.Maintenance of the Central Asian Republics within the USSR.
• 2. Political Un-accountability
• The communist party regime (single party rule) for around 70 years turned authoritarian. There was
widespread corruption, nepotism and lack of transparency. Gorbachev’s decision to allow elections with
a multi-party system and create a presidency for the Soviet Union began a slow process of
democratization that eventually destabilized Communist control and contributed to the collapse of the
Soviet Union.
• 3. Gorbachev’s reforms
• Once people started to enjoy freedom under Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms, they demanded more. The
demand grew into a big force which turned difficult to control. The people wanted to catch up with the
west quickly.
• 4. Rise of nationalism
• Rise of nationalism among countries like Russia, Baltic republics (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), Ukraine,
Georgia etc. is the most important and immediate cause of disintegration of the USSR. The national
feeling was strong among the more prosperous areas in USSR and not in Central Asian republics.
Ordinary people among prosperous republics didn’t like to pay big price to uplift the backward Central
 Mikhail Gorbachev
•Who was Mikhail Gorbachev? 1/2 Marks
a) Last leader of the Soviet Union.
b) Wanted to reform the Soviet System to
keep USSR ahead in information and
technology of the West.
c) Wanted to normalize relations with the
West
d) Wanted to democratize and reform the
Soviet Union.
e) He initiated the policies of economic and
political reforms in the Soviet Union.
 Problems under Gorbachev in
Soviet Union
•What were the problems under Gorbachev in the Soviet Union? 4/6 Marks
OR
•What were the events which led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
• a) People in East European countries which were a part of the Soviet Bloc began
protesting against their own governments.
•b) Communist regimes in these countries collapsed one by one.
•c) Crisis in USSR which was speeding up the disintegration of USSR.
•d) Reforms initiated by Gorbachev were opposed by the leaders in the country.
•e) Coup in 1991, encouraged by Communist Party, people wanted freedom. Boris
Yelstin opposed the coup and wanted decentralization of power.
f) Power shifted from Soviet Union to the
Republics
g) 1991-Russia, Ukraine and Belarus disbanded
the Soviet Union, banned the Communist party
of the Soviet Union and adopted Capitalism and
Democracy.
h) CIS-Commonwealth of independent States
was formed. Russia accepted as the successor of
Soviet Union.
Why didn't Gorbachev’s reforms
work?
1.Impossible to control the situation.
2.Slow to implement policies.
3.Threatened powers and privileges of the Communist leaders.
4.He was too fast according to them.
5.Gorbachev lost support from all sides and had a divided public
opinion.
6.He failed to defend his own policies.
 Consequences of the
disintegration of USSR .
6 Marker Pg.23
1.The fall of second world.
2.End of Socialist regimes in East Europe.
3.The period marked the end of many communist regimes .
4.End of cold war: End of confrontations, arms race, end
of ideological confrontations, no more Military Blocs.
5.Peace in the World.
6.Change in power equations: Unipolar world,
capitalist ideology, IMF, World Bank etc. controlled
countries as they gave them loans .
7.Emergence of new countries and new groups/
alliances – E.g.: Baltic countries aligned with NATO.
8.Multi polar world-no power would dominate.
9.US became the sole superpower.
10.Liberal Democracy became the most important concept.
11.Emergence of many new countries: Baltic-----,Central Asian countries wanted a
close tie with the West ,US, China as well as with Russia.
12.Emergence of new players with their own identity, interests and difficulties.
 What was the role of Russia after USSR’s
disintegration? 2 Marks
a) Russia was accepted as the successor of Soviet Union.
b) It inherited the seat in the UN Security Council.
c) Russia accepted all international treaties and commitments of the
Soviet Union.
d) It took over as the only Nuclear State of the Post-Soviet space and
carried out nuclear disarmament measures with the USA.
 N-BOARD
QUESTIONS
1 Marker:
a)The ________________ symbolized the division between
the Capitalist and the Communist World.
b)When was it built?
c)It stood for ____________long years and was finally
broken in ____________.
d)Picture Question

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
a)Which ideology did East Berlin
/Germany signify?
b) Which ideology did West Berlin
/Germany signify?
 Shock Therapy in Post
Communist Countries
Pg.24. 1,2 Marker
Collapse of Communism.
Q)What was the Shock Therapy?
* 1990’s
a)Painful process of transition
b Authoritarian Socialist system →
Democratic Capitalist system.
c)Followed in Russia, Central Asia, East Europe.
d)Influenced by the World Bank and the IMF.
 Shock Therapy Pg.24-25 (4
Marker)
Private Ownership /Corporate
ownership

Direct Link to the West No Collective Farms but Private

Farming

Shift to a Capitalist Economy

Break up of Trade Alliances Free Trade, FDI

Liberalized Trade, Deregulation,

Currency Convertibility.
 Economic Consequences of Shock Therapy( Pg. 25-26)
6Marker CBSE Ques

1.Ruin of the economies, disaster upon the people.

2.Russia-large state controlled industrial complex collapsed.
3.90% industries put up for sale to Pvt individuals.
4.Transition was guided by Market Forces not by Government.
5.Disappearance of industries-’largest Garage Sale in the history .’
6.Valuable industries undervalued and sold at throwaway prices.
7.Citizens given Vouchers-sold in the Black Market-needed money.
8.Value of the Ruble fell.
9.High Rate of Inflation-People lost savings.
10.Food insecure-Russia started to import food.
11.Low GDP-old trading structure broke down.
 Social Consequences of Shock
Therapy.Pg.25
1.No Social Welfare.
2.No Government Subsidies-Poverty.
3.Intellectuals migrated.
4.Mafia emerged which controlled
economy.
5.Gap b/w rich and poor increased-eco
inequality.
Political Consequences 4/6 Marker
Pg.26
1.Constitutions of all new countries drafted
in a hurry.
2.Russia-Strong Executive President: Elected
Parliaments weak.
3.Central Asia-Presidents authoritarian
→Dictators.(Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan)
4.No dissent, No opposition, No
independent Judiciary.
Recapitulation
Give reasons for the revival of
economy after 2000. (1,2
Markers) Pg.26
1.Export of Natural
resources:oil,natural gas and
minerals.
2.Azerbaijan,Kazakhstan,Russia,Tu
rkmenistan,Uzbekistan are oil and
gas producers.
3.Oil pipelines that cross their
territories for which they get rent.
4.Restart of manufacturing.
 CBSE Ques 6 Marker
Consequences of disintegration on the
newly independent Republics. Pg.26-27
1.Russia 3.Eastern Europe
Chechnya/Dagestan: Violent Secessionist Movts, Czechoslovakia split into two.
Human Rights Violation.
Balkan Republic of Yugoslavia broke into provinces
like Croatia,Slovenia,Bosnia,Herzegovina
2.Central Asia
Tajikistan: Civil War-Sectarian Conflicts.
Azerbaijan: Nagorno-Karabakh-local Armenians to
secede and join Armenia. • Prone to Conflicts
Georgia: Civil War • Civil Wars
Ukraine: Movements
• Insurgencies-Rebellion ,revolt within a
Kyrgyzstan: Movements
country to overthrow the government.
River Water Conflicts, Instability.
• Growing involvement of outside powers.
 Why was the West interested in
Central Asia?
4 Marker
• Vast hydrocarbons. • Russia calls them as ‘Near
• A zone of competition b/w Abroad’ and wants them under
outside powers and oil Russian influence.
companies. • China is interested due to oil
• Region is next to Russia, China, resources and trade.
Afghanistan, Pakistan and West
Asia.
• US wanted Military Bases in the
region.
Indo Russian Relations (6
Marker) Pg.27-29

1.Good Relations
2.Important aspect of India’s
Foreign Policy-trust and common
interests.
3.Indian heroes are household
names.
4.Share a vision of Multipolar
World Order.
5.80 Bilateral agreements-Indo
Russian Strategic Agreement
2001.
6.Major support on issues like
Kashmir, energy supplies,
information on international
terrorism, access to Central Asia
and balancing relations with
China.
7.India is the Second Largest
Arms Market for Russia; most of
its hardware from Russia.
8.India imports oil from Russia-
crisis
9.Increase energy imports from
Russia-Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan.
10.Partnership ,Investment in
oilfields.
11.Nuclear Energy Plans:
Assisted India’s Space Industry
Cryogenic Rocket .
Collaborated on Scientific Projects.
 Questions/Recapitulation/Regist
1.Shock Therapy in Post Communist Countries
er Work
(Pg.24.) 1,2 ,4Marker
2.Economic Consequences of Shock Therapy( Pg. 25-26) 6Marker CBSE
Ques
3.Social Consequences of Shock Therapy.(Pg.25)
4.Political Consequences 4/6 Marker
(Pg.26)
5.Give reasons for the revival of economy after 2000. (1,2 Markers) (Pg.26)
6.CBSE Ques 6 Marker
Consequences of disintegration on the newly independent Republics.
(Pg.26-27)
7.Why was the West interested in Central Asia?
4 Marker
8.Indo Russian Relations (6 Marker)( Pg.27-29)
PG.28 +BOX-COMPULSORY READING SUCHITRA
DUGGAL
AIS-43