Prestress Loss in Pretensioned

 Members
We will explore the various factors contributing to prestress loss, including
both instantaneous and time-dependent losses.

 The presentation will showcase a comprehensive analysis of a pretensioned

member, highlighting the calculation methods and procedures involved in
assessing prestress losses.

Understanding Prestress Loss

Instantaneous Losses Time-Dependent Losses

These occur immediately upon the transfer of These occur over time due to creep, shrinkage,
prestress force. They include losses due to and relaxation of the prestressing steel. These
anchorage set, friction, and elastic shortening. losses are influenced by factors like
temperature, humidity, and load conditions.
 Calculating Prestress Loss in Pretensioned
Members
The total loss of prestress for a pretensioned member can be calculated as the sum of individual
losses: ΔfpT = ΔfpES + ΔfpSR + ΔfpCR + ΔfpR2.

This equation represents the combined losses due to elastic shortening (ΔfpES), shrinkage (ΔfpSR),
creep of concrete (ΔfpCR), and relaxation of steel after transfer (ΔfpR2).

Calculate the initial stress in the tendons immediately prior to

transfer
Instantaneous Losses: Elastic
Shortening
The loss due to elastic shortening (ΔfpES) is calculated by multiplying
the concrete stress at the centroid of the prestressing steel at transfer
(fcgp) by the ratio of the moduli of elasticity of the prestressing steel
(Ep) and the concrete at transfer (Eci).

Applying this equation requires estimating the stress in the strands afte transfer

This loss is a direct result of the concrete compressing under the

prestressing force, reducing the effective length of the tendons and
leading to a reduction in prestress.
Time-Dependent Losses: Creep and Shrinkage
Creep refers to the gradual deformation of concrete under sustained loads. Shrinkage is the
reduction in volume of concrete due to moisture loss. These losses are highly dependent on
environmental factors such as temperature and humidity.

They influence the long-term performance of the prestressed member and must be carefully
considered during design to ensure the desired level of prestress is maintained over time.
Time-Dependent Losses:
Relaxation
Relaxation refers to the gradual decrease in stress within the prestressing
steel over time, even under constant strain. This loss is influenced by the
material properties of the steel and the applied stress level.

It is crucial to account for relaxation losses, especially for long-term structural

performance, as it affects the long-term effectiveness of the prestressing force.
 Estimating Time-Dependent Losses
Approximate Lump Refined Estimate
Sum Estimate This method offers a more precise approach
This method provides a simplified to estimating time-dependent losses by
approach for estimating the total considering specific project parameters and
time-dependent losses. It utilizes environmental conditions.
predefined values based on
experience and empirical data.

Rigorous Time-Step Analysis

This advanced method involves a step-by-step calculation of losses over time, taking into account
the interactions between creep and relaxation, and provides the most accurate estimation.
 Design Step 5.5: Stress in Prestressed Strands
 This presentation focuses on Design Step 5.5 of a bridge project, specifically analyzing
stress in prestressing strands.
 We'll investigate into the critical calculations and considerations for determining the
stress in these strands under various load conditions.

Determining Stress in Prestressed

Steel
Stress Compatibility Analysis Simplified Method

 The stress in prestressing steel at nominal  For rectangular or flanged sections, a

flexural resistance can be determined through simplified method is available. This method
stress compatibility analysis. This method uses the Whitney stress block and is
ensures that the steel and concrete are applicable when the effective prestressing
properly matched for the intended loading. steel stress is not less than 0.5fpu.
 Calculating "k" and "c"
Calculate "k" Calculate "c"
 The value of "k" is determined by  The distance from the neutral axis to the
a formula based on the compression face ("c") is calculated
prestressing steel type and differently for T-section behavior and
properties or can be obtained rectangular section behavior, using
from Table SC5.7.3.1.1-1. equations S5.7.3.1.1-3 and S5.7.3.1.1-4.
Mid-Span Section Analysis
Total Section Depth, d Determining "dp"
 The total section depth, "h," is  The distance from the neutral axis to the
determined by adding the girder depth center of gravity of the prestressing steel
and structural slab thickness. ("dp") is calculated by subtracting the
h = 1829 mm + 190 mm = 2019 mm. distance from the bottom of the beam to
the location of the prestressing steel
force from the total section depth.
In this case, dp = 2019 mm - 127 mm =
1892 mm.
 Stress in Prestressed Steel at Nominal Flexural
Resistance
Calculating "fps“ (average stress) Sample Calculations

 Using the calculated values for "k" and "c,"  Sample calculations are provided to
the average stress in prestressing steel illustrate the process of determining the
("fps") is calculated based on the equation stress in prestressing strands under
fps = fpu \[1 – k (c/dp)\]. different load conditions at various
Where:- sections along the girder.
𝑘 = 2(1.04 – 𝑓𝑝𝑦 /𝑓𝑝𝑢 )
 Transfer and Development Length
Transfer Length

 The transfer length is determined by the formula 60 (strand diameter).

Development Length
 The development length ("ld") is calculated based on the prestressing steel stress and
the type of strand bonding (fully bonded or partially debonded).
 Prestressed Girder Bridge Design: Sample Calculations
 the detailed sample calculations for the prestressed girder bridge
design, focusing on key design steps and calculations that
demonstrate the process.
Design Step 5.5.4: Sample Strand Stress
 Prestress force at the centerline of the end bearing after losses under
Calculations
service or strength conditions.

 Fps(relative stress) = 1821.73 MPa (Design Step5.5.1)

 Fpe(effective stress) = 1122 MPa (Design Step 5.4.8)
 area of strand is 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 98.71𝑚𝑚2
 Group 1: 32 strands fully bonded, i.e., bonded length starts 230 mm
outside the centerline of bearings of the non-composite beam
 Prestress force at a section 3353 mm from the
centerline of the end bearing after losses
under service conditions.
 Sample Strand Stress Calculations Continued
 Strands maximum resistance at nominal flexural capacity at a section
2134 mm from the centerline of the end bearing.
  Strands maximum resistance at
nominal flexural capacity at a
section 6706 mm from the
centerline of the end bearing.

Design Step 5.6: Flexure Design

 Flexural stress at transfer,  Stress calculations at transfer,
considering both compression presented in a table format with
and tension stress limits. the calculated values for different
sections along the girder.
 Sample Calculations for Flexural Stresses at
Transfer
Girder Top Stress
1

Girder Bottom Stress

2

3 Calculations for Different Sections

 Sample calculations are provided for different sections of the girder, demonstrating
the application of the formulas and principles used to determine the flexural stresses
at transfer.
Design Step 5.6.2: Final Flexural Stress under Service I
and Service III Limit States
Step 5.6.2.2
Step 5.6.2.1
Sample calculations for stress at different sections
Stress limits under Service I and Service III limit
under service limit states, demonstrating the
states, considering both compression and
application of the formulas and principles used to
tension stress limits.
determine the final flexural stresses.
Stresses at Service Limit State for
Sections in the Negative Moment Region

 Assume the location of the neutral axis and calculate the tensile
strain in the longitudinal reinforcement of the deck.

 Calculate the corresponding tension in the deck reinforcement

based on the assumed strain and check the equilibrium of forces
on the section.
 Check the equilibrium of moments on the section, adjusting the
assumed location of the neutral axis until both force and moment
equilibriums are achieved.

 Sample calculations are provided for a section in the negative

moment region, demonstrating the trial-and-error approach used to
determine the location of the neutral axis and the maximum stress
in the concrete.
 Design Step 5.6.3: Longitudinal Steel at Top of Girder

 The design of the longitudinal steel reinforcement at the top of the girder
ensures sufficient tensile resistance at transfer. The calculations are based on
the maximum tensile stress at transfer and consider the required area of steel
and the minimum number of bars.
Design Step 5.6.4: Flexural Resistance in Positive Moment Region

 This presentation outlines the detailed steps involved in

determining the flexural resistance of a pre-stressed concrete
beam in a positive moment region. The calculations will be
based on AASHTO-LRFD specifications and will illustrate the
application of key equations and concepts.
 Calculating Flexural Resistance
Step 5.7.3.1 Factored Flexural Resistance
 The flexural resistance at the strength limit  The factored flexural
state in the positive moment region is resistance, M r, is then
calculated using Eq. S5.7.3.2.2-1. This equation obtained by multiplying the
takes in to account various factors including the nominal flexural resistance, M
area of pre-stressed steel, stress in the pre- n, by a resistance factor, ϕ, as
stressed steel, distance from the extreme specified in S5.5.4.2.
compression fiber, and area of non-pre-stressed
reinforcement.
Checking for Over-Reinforcement

1 Requirement 2 Calculation
 The maximum amount of pre-  In this example, c/d e = 139.02/1892
stressed and non-pre-stressed = 0.0735, which is less than 0.42,
reinforcement must satisfy the indicating that the section is not over-
requirement: c/d e ≤ 0.42. reinforced.
Minimum Reinforcement Requirements
1.2 Times Cracking Strength
The amount of pre-stressed and
1.33 Times Factored
non- pre-stressed tensile
Moment
reinforcement should be
adequate to develop a factored Alternatively, M r should be at
flexural resistance, M r, at least least equal to 1.33 times the
equal to 1.2 times the cracking factored moment required by
strength. the applicable strength load
combinations specified in Table
3.4.1-1.
Calculation
In this case, M r = 1.45 x 10^10 N-mm, which exceeds both 1.2 M cr =
1.016 x 10^10 N-mm and 1.33 M u = 1.542 x 10^10 N-mm, fulfilling
the minimum reinforcement requirements.
Continuity Connection at
Intermediate Support

Negative Moment Positive Moment

Connection Connection
 The negative moment connection  The positive moment connection is
at the intermediate pier is designed to resist the bending moment
designed to resist the bending caused by live loads and creep effects at
moment in the beam due to the the intermediate pier.
weight of the deck and other
loads.
Design Considerations for
Continuity Connections
1 Alternative 1
Extending some of the pre-stressing strands at the
end of the girder into the intermediate diaphragm to
provide anchorage for positive moment connection.

2 Alternative 2
Adding mild reinforcement bars to the diaphragm to
resist positive moment, which might cause
congestion at the end of the beam.
Fatigue and Camber Design
Fatigue Check
Fatigue need not be checked if the maximum tensile stress in the conc
under Service III limit state is within the stress limits of Table S5.9.4.2.
1
Camber Calculation
Camber calculations consider dead load, live load, prestressing,
erection loads, concrete creep and shrinkage, and steel relaxati

2
Bridge Seat Elevation
The final camber value is used to determine the
bridge seat elevation, which is critical for ensuring
proper drainage and traffic flow.
3
Shear Design in Pre-Stressed Concrete Beams

1. Modified Compression Field Theory

Shear design in the AASHTO-LRFD Specifications is based on the modified
compression field theory, which takes in to account the effect of the axial force on
shear behavior.

2. Critical Section

The critical section for shear near the end support is determined based on the
larger of 0.5dvcot θ or dv from the internal face of the support.

3. Shear Analysis
A comprehensive shear analysis is conducted at various sections along the
beam, considering factors like shear force, shear stress, and the inclination
angle of shear cracking.
 END

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