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Thermodynamics of fluid flow

The document discusses the thermodynamics of fluid flow, focusing on finite and infinitesimal stage efficiencies in turbines and compressors. It highlights the impact of reheat and preheat effects on efficiency and work requirements in multistage systems. The concept of polytropic efficiency is introduced as a means to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of compression stages independent of thermodynamic effects.

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13 views

Thermodynamics of fluid flow

The document discusses the thermodynamics of fluid flow, focusing on finite and infinitesimal stage efficiencies in turbines and compressors. It highlights the impact of reheat and preheat effects on efficiency and work requirements in multistage systems. The concept of polytropic efficiency is introduced as a means to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of compression stages independent of thermodynamic effects.

Uploaded by

ujwal hiredesai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Thermodynamics of fluid flow

Finite stage efficiency


Effect of Reheat (Turbines)
Considering four numbers of stages between two states as shown in
fig.It is assumed that the pressure ratio and stage efficiency are same
for all the four stages.
Infinitesimal stage efficiency or
Polytropic efficiency(Turbines)
• To obtain the true aerodynamic performance of a stage
the concept of small or infinitesimal stage is used
• This is an imaginary stage with infinitesimal pressure drop
and is therefore independent of reheat effect
• Fig. shows a small stage between pressures p and p-dp
The efficiency of this stage is
Finite stage efficiency (Compressor)

• A compressor with a finite pressure rise is known as a finite stage


work is a function of initial temperature and pressure ratio

• For the same pressure ratio, a stage requires a higher value of work
with higher temperature

• Thus compressor stages in the higher temperature region suffer on


account of this

The above factors have a cumulative effect on the efficiency of


multistage compressor
Effect of preheat (Compressor)
Considering a compressor with four stages as shown. It is assumed
that all the stages have the same efficiencies and pressure ratios.
The total isentropic work from state 1 to 2s is𝑊𝑆 The isentropic
works in the individual stages are 𝛥𝑊𝑠1,𝛥𝑊𝑠2,𝛥𝑊𝑠3,𝛥𝑊𝑠4
Pre-heating

This is due to the thermodynamic effect called pre-heating


the gas is not intentionally heated( preheated) at the end of
each compression stage. The preheat in small constant
pressure processes is only an internal phenomena and the
compression process still remains an adiabatic process.
Infinitesimal or Polytropic Efficiency (Compressor)
• A finite compressor stage can be made up of infinite
number of small stages

• Each of these infinitesimal stages have an efficiency 𝜂𝑝


efficiency or infinitesimal stage efficiency

• It is independent of thermodynamic effect and is


therefore the aerodynamic performance of the
compressor

• Consider a stage in which air is compressed from state 1 to

pressures𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃+𝑑𝑃


state 2. It also shows an infinite stage operating between
Assuming the irreversible adiabatic compression as
equivalent to a Polytropic process with index n, equation 3
can be written as
The efficiency of finite compressor stage can be related to
small stage efficiency. The actual temperature rise is given by
Numerical

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