Earthquake Hazards

At the end of the lesson, you must be

able to:

Identify various potential earthquake

hazards
Analyse the impacts of the different
earthquake hazards
Let’s shake your
memory……
1. What is an earthquake?
•A) A volcanic eruption
•B) A sudden shaking of the ground
caused
by the movement of the Earth's
crust
•C) A severe thunderstorm
•D) A tidal wave
2. Which of the following is a
common cause of earthquakes?
•A) The alignment of planets
•B) The movement of tectonic plates
•C) Solar flares
•D) Human activities
3. What is the point on the
Earth's surface directly above
the earthquake's origin called?
•A) Hypocenter
•B) Epicenter
•C) Focus
•D) Seismic point
4. Which scale is commonly used
to measure the magnitude of
earthquakes?
•A) Richter scale
•B) Beaufort scale
•C) Celsius scale
•D) Fujita scale
5. What term describes the
initial point within the Earth
where an earthquake originates?
•A) Epicenter
•B) Hypocenter (Focus)
•C) Fault line
•D) Seismic zone
6. Which of the following is NOT
a primary hazard associated with
earthquakes?
•A) Ground shaking
•B) Tsunamis
•C) Volcanic eruptions
•D) Surface rupture
7. What is liquefaction in the
context of earthquakes?
•A) The melting of rocks due to
intense heat
•B) The process by which saturated
soil
temporarily loses strength and
acts as a
fluid
8. Which of the following is a
common method to mitigate
earthquake hazards?
•A) Building structures on loose,
sandy soils
•B) Designing buildings to be flexible
and
absorb seismic energy
•C) Constructing buildings with
9. What is the primary hazard
caused by earthquakes?
•A) Ground shaking
•B) Flooding
•C) Landslides
•D) Volcanic eruptions
10. What are the main effects of
ground shaking during an
earthquake?
•A) Formation of craters
•B) Damage to buildings and
infrastructure
•C) Increased rainfall
•D) Rising sea levels
11. What secondary hazard can
occur when earthquakes affect
mountainous areas?
•A) Tsunamis
•B) Landslides
•C) Ground liquefaction
•D) Hurricanes
12. What is a tsunami, and how
is it related to earthquakes?
•A) A hurricane triggered by tectonic
movement
•B) A large sea wave caused by
underwater
earthquakes
•C) A volcanic eruption under the
ocean
13. Why are buildings
constructed on reclaimed land at
higher risk during an
earthquake?
•A) Reclaimed land is closer to fault
lines.
•B) The soil on reclaimed land is
loose and
prone to liquefaction.
14. What are aftershocks?
•A) Small earthquakes that occur
after the
main earthquake
•B) Earthquakes caused by volcanic
eruptions
•C) Tidal waves following an
earthquake
•D) Seismic waves generated by
15. Which of the following best explains how
earthquakes can trigger landslides?
• A) The shaking from an earthquake loosens
soil and rock, causing them to slide
downhill.
• B) The heat from an earthquake melts
underground ice, making the ground
unstable.
• C) The strong winds during an earthquake
erode mountain slopes, leading to
landslides.
 What is an
earthquake?
An earthquake is a feeble
shaking to violent trembling of
the ground produced by the
sudden displacement of rocks or
rock materials below the earth’s
surface.
What are the two types of
earthquakes?

Tectonic earthquakes are those

generated by the sudden displacement
along faults in the solid and rigid layer
of the earth.
Earthquakes induced by rising lava or
magma beneath active volcanoes are
called volcanic earthquakes
What are the most common earthquake related
hazards and their impacts?
1. Ground shaking- disruptive
up-down and sideways movement
or motion experienced during an
earthquake.
IMPACT
S:
Strong ground shaking can cause
objects to fall, break windows among
others.

Strong ground shaking can also result to

minor damages to buildings and worse,
cause collapse of a structure
2. Ground rupture- displacement
on the ground due to movement
of fault .
IMPACT
S:
Rupture causes problems for
humans by, well, rupturing
things; pipelines, tunnels,
aqueducts, railway lines, roads,
and airport runways which cross
an area of active rupture can
easily be destroyed or severely
3. Liquefaction- is a process that transforms the
behavior of a body of sediments from that of a solid to
that of a liquid when subjected to extremely intense
shaking.
IMPACT
In addition to buildings, liquefaction
S:
can ruin roads, railways, airport
runways, dams and anything else
that sits on the ground. It can also
cause damage to below-ground
utilities. Liquefaction can cause
landslides, settlements, and
eruptions of mud or water from the
ground.
4. Earthquake induced ground
subsidence - a gradual settling or
sudden sinking of the Earth's surface.
IMPACT
S:
Land subsidence causes
direct and indirect damages.
Direct damages include
the loss of functionality
and/or integrity of the
structures such as buildings,
roads, subways and
underground utility networks
5. Earthquake-induced landslide-
failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered
by an earthquake
IMPACT
S:
Loose thin soil
covering on the
slopes of steep
mountains are prone
to mass movement,
especially when
shaken during an
6. Tsunami- sea waves resulting from the disturbance of
ocean floor by an earthquake. This is a series of giant sea
waves commonly generated by under-the-sea earthquakes
and whose heights could be greater than 5 meters
IMPACT
S:
In addition to loss of life and mass injuries,
other potential impacts include damage to
and destruction of homes and businesses,
ports and harbors, cultural resources,
utilities, and critical infrastructure and
facilities. There may be loss of access to
basic services such as power, sewer, and
water. Communications, transportation
(ground, air, and marine), and health and
public safety services may be disrupted.
What are
the signs
of an
impending
tsunami?
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