Chapter 1-3 Format

Format
• Font size: 12”
• Font style: Arial
• Margin: 1.5” left, 1” right, 1” top, 1” bottom
• Page # upper right hand
• No artistic fonts for preliminary pages
• No word contractions (e.g., won’t, didn’t,etc.)
• Wiki and blogs are not acceptable references
 Format
• Avoid no year references/ sources for cited
author
• Citing the title of article (if no author) and only
year of retrieval (if no date)
• No web sites/ search engines as in-text
citation; only in the reference section
 References
• Follow prescribed referencing style (ex.
Harvard, APA, MLA)
• Alphabetical order
• All in-text citations must appear in the
reference section (correct spelling, correct
year)
 Title Page
• Title less than 15 words
 Introduction
• First Paragraph- clearly state the problematic
issues or concerns in connection with your
dependent variable (DV) or MAIN TOPIC with
sources
• Second Paragraph- discuss the importance of
studying the DV and the contributions of
studies already conducted about it
 Introduction
• Third Paragraph-Describe the link/connection
between IV and DV
• Fourth Paragraph- Provide here the implications of
previous works leading to the reason and purpose
of the current study; discuss the research gap
( what’s lacking/ not yet explored about the topic;
uniqueness of the study), and its urgency ( reason
for conducting of the study in the locale)
• Note: give at least 3 citations (Paragraph 1-3)
 Research Objectives
• Provide a brief introduction to the research topic to
contextualize the objectives (introductory part).
• Break down the overall objective into specific,
measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound
(SMART) objectives (e.g assess, ascertain,
determine, identify). Each specific objective should
address a particular aspect of the research and
contribute to achieving the overall goal. These
objectives should be numbered for clarity and easy
reference.
 Hypothesis
• Use null hypothesis (H0). Null is a statement
that there is no significant difference, effect,
or relationship between two or more variables
in a study. It is essentially a hypothesis of no
effect or no difference. In statistical hypothesis
testing, researchers typically start by assuming
the null hypothesis is true and then try to
gather evidence against it.
 Theoretical Framework
Theories and Models
• Identify and describe relevant theories or models
from existing literature that underpin the study.
• Explain how these theories or models provide a
theoretical basis for understanding the research
problem or phenomena under investigation.
• Discuss any theoretical perspectives that inform
the study's approach or methodology
 Conceptual Framework
• Present and discuss the conceptual framework
of the study. Introduce the source for every
variable with indicators
-Provide one author of every variable, not
several authors (refer to your adapted
instrument)
 Significance of the Study
• Provide a brief introduction (introductory
part)
• Identify the specific institution, sector,
industry, groups/community who will directly
benefit from the study. Include benefits to
future researchers
 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Scope of the Study

• Provide the range of topics, variables, or
concepts that will be included in the study;
the geographical location or population that
will be studied; the time period covered by the
research.
• It sets the parameters for what will be
investigated and provides clarity on the
breadth of the study.
 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Delimitations of the Study

• Present the exclusion criteria for participants;
constraints on the research methodology;
limitations on resources, such as time, budget,
or access to data; and any other factors that
may restrict the study's scope.
 Definition of Terms
• When writing your definition of terms, ensure
they are derived from your title, variables, and
their indicators. Begin with the conceptual
definition of the term followed by the
operational definition. For instance, for the term
'students,' you can define it as follows: 'Student -
According to Loren (2023), they are children
enrolled in a certain school. Moreover, in this
study, it is defined as students enrolled in LNCHS
 Methodology
• Introductory part (Research Design,Research
Locale ,Population and Sample,Research
Instrument, Data Collection, Statistical Tools and
Ethical Consideration)
• Methodology refers to the systematic, theoretical
analysis of the methods applied within a particular
discipline or field of study. It outlines the
principles, procedures, and guidelines used to
conduct research, analyze data, or solve problems
within that domain.
 Methodology
• Research Methodology: This involves the
systematic planning and execution of research
activities, such as data collection, analysis, and
interpretation, to address a research question
or hypothesis.
• Common research methodologies include
quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods
approaches.
 Research Design
• Research design is the framework that guides
the entire research process, comprising clear
research questions, hypotheses, and
operationalized variables. It involves planning
the sampling method to ensure
representativeness, selecting data collection
methods, and specifying analysis techniques.
 Research Design
• Discuss the appropriate study design used
with author; justify its use & its perspective to
the study (e.g., education, business, etc.)
• Describe the special and/or specific approach
or technique or model or analysis to be used
in the study and its role in the achievement of
study objectives
• Discuss typology of research in terms of
objective dimension and time dimension
 Research Locale
• The research locale refers to the specific geographical
location where the research study will be conducted.
It encompasses the physical environment, setting,
and context in which data collection will take place.
• For example, in a study examining the effects of air
pollution on respiratory health, the research locale
might be a densely populated urban area with high
levels of pollution. Alternatively, in a study on
biodiversity, the research locale might be a remote
rainforest or a marine ecosystem.
 Research Locale
• The choice of research locale is often closely
tied to the research questions, objectives, and
the population or phenomena under
investigation. It plays a significant role in
determining the feasibility, scope, and
generalizability of the research findings.
 Population and Sample
• The population in research refers to the entire
group of individuals, items, or phenomena that
meet the criteria for inclusion in the study. It
represents the broader group to which the
study's findings are intended to be generalized.
• For example, if a study aims to understand the
attitudes of adults towards climate change, the
population might be all adults aged 18 and
above in a particular country or region.
 Population and Sample
• A sample, on the other hand, is a subset of the
population selected for study. It is not feasible or
practical to study the entire population, so researchers
select a representative sample that reflects the
characteristics of the population.
• This allows researchers to make inferences about the
population based on the characteristics of the sample. In
the aforementioned example, the sample might consist
of a random selection of adults from different
demographic groups (age, gender, education level, etc.)
within the target population.
 Research Instruments
• Research instruments refer to the tools or
techniques used to collect data in a research
study. These instruments are designed to
gather information relevant to the research
questions or objectives and may vary
depending on the nature of the study and the
type of data being collected
 Research Instruments
• Surveys and questionnaires consist of a series
of structured questions designed to gather
information from participants. They can be
administered in person, by mail, over the
phone, or online. Surveys and questionnaires
are often used to collect quantitative data on
attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and
demographics.
 Research Instruments

Range of Means Descriptive Level Interpretation

4.20- 5.0 Very High This means that employees are highly
satisfied

3.40 – 4.19 High This means that employees are often

satisfied.

2.60 – 3.39 Moderate This means that employees sometimes

satisfied.

1.80 – 2.59 Low This means that employees seldom

satisfied.

1.0 – 1.79 Very low This means that employees are never
satisfied.
 Data Collection
• Data collection is the process of gathering
information or data from various sources to
address the research questions or objectives
of a study. It involves systematically collecting,
recording, and organizing data in a structured
manner to facilitate analysis and
interpretation.
 Data Collection
• Discuss in detail key steps and procedures that
were undertaken (from asking permission to
conduct the study up to tabulation of data) in
the collection of data
• Include in the narratives personal experience
in the data collection
• Indicate time or period covered by the data
collection
 Statistical Tools
• Statistical tools are methods and techniques
used to analyze data in order to draw
meaningful conclusions and make informed
decisions in research, business, and various
other fields. These tools help researchers and
analysts organize, summarize, interpret, and
visualize data, allowing them to identify
patterns, trends, relationships, and insights
 Statistical Tools
• Enumerate the statistical treatments and
analysis used to achieve each research
objective
• Some common statistical tools include:
• Mean- also known as the average, is a
measure of central tendency that represents
the typical value of a dataset. It is calculated
by summing all the values in the dataset and
dividing by the total number of values
 Statistical Tools
• Pearson R- The Pearson correlation coefficient,
denoted as r, is a statistical measure that
quantifies the strength and direction of the
linear relationship between two continuous
variables
• Regression Analysis- seeks to identify and
quantify the impact of one or more
independent variables on the dependent
variable.
 Ethical Consideration
• Ethical considerations in research refer to the
principles and guidelines that ensure the
rights, dignity, and well-being of individuals or
groups involved in the research process. These
considerations are essential for maintaining
integrity, trust, and respect in research
activities and encompass various aspects,
including:
 Ethical Consideration
• Voluntary Participation
• Privacy and Confidentiality
• Informed Consent Process
• Risks
• Benefits
• Plagiarism
• Fabrication
• Falsification
• Conflict of interest
• Deceit
• Observation
• Permission from Organization/ Location
• Authorship