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Array signal processing and Wave Prop_(on 8-4-2011)

The document introduces array signal processing, a branch of signal processing focused on signals from propagating waves, emphasizing its goals such as enhancing signal-to-noise ratio and tracking energy sources. It covers essential concepts including wave propagation, electromagnetic waves, and the significance of Maxwell's equations and the wave equation in understanding signal behavior. Additionally, it discusses various effects on wave propagation, such as the Doppler effect, dispersion, and attenuation, along with their implications for array processing.

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Muhammad Salman
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11 views25 pages

Array signal processing and Wave Prop_(on 8-4-2011)

The document introduces array signal processing, a branch of signal processing focused on signals from propagating waves, emphasizing its goals such as enhancing signal-to-noise ratio and tracking energy sources. It covers essential concepts including wave propagation, electromagnetic waves, and the significance of Maxwell's equations and the wave equation in understanding signal behavior. Additionally, it discusses various effects on wave propagation, such as the Doppler effect, dispersion, and attenuation, along with their implications for array processing.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Salman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Array

Signal Processing and


Wave Propagation
Presented by:

Nauman Anwar

Department Of Electrical Engineering


COLLEGE OF EME
Sequence of the Presentation
• Goals of array processing
• Spatiotemporal signals
• Wave propagation
• EM waves
• Maxwell equations
• Wave equation
• Effects on wave propagation
Array Signal Processing
• Array signal processing is a specialized branch
of signal processing that focuses on signals
conveyed by propagating waves.
• Array- a group of sensors located at distinct
spatial locations.

• Array is used to measure a propagating


wavefield.
Why Array Signal Processing!
• The waveform produced at a single sensor
consists of a signal plus random noise.
y(t ) s(t )  n(t )
• In an array system ,by averaging over the
waveforms received by the sensors,
1 M 1 1 M 1
z(t )   ym (t ) s(t )   nm (t )
M m 0 M m 0
• The signal components at each sensor reinforce
while the noise components tend to cancel
because of their random, uncorrelated nature.
• This averaging increases the SNR by a factor of M
compared with the SNR for a single sensor.
Goals of Array Processing

• To Enhance the signal-to-noise ratio beyond that


of a single sensor’s output.

• To characterize the field i.e determine the


number of energy sources, location of sources,
their waveforms.

• Track the energy sources in space.


Signals in Space and Time
(Spatiotemporal signals)
• In array processing, propagating waves convey
signals from the source to the array.

• The signals are functions of position as well as time.

• It is important to know about the properties of


spatiotemporal signals and propagating signals.
Signals in Space and Time


x

x
Coordinate Systems
• It is easier to represent, formulate and solve
spatial problems using Spherical coordinates.
In Spherical coordinate system each point M is
represented as (r,  ,  )
r distance from origin to M
 Azimuthal angle between x-axis and the
projection of r on xy-plane.
 Elevation angle between the z-axis and
position vector of M
Relation between Rectangular coordinate
and Spherical coordinate system
(x, y, z) (r,  ,  )
2 2 2
x r sin cos r  x y z
y r sin sin  1 x 
 cos  
z r cos  2 2 
x y 

 1 z 
 cos  
 2 2 2 
x y z 

Wave Propagation
Overview of Waves:
• A wave is a pattern of values in space that appear to
change as time evolves.
• A wave is a solution to a wave equation.
• Examples of waves include EM waves, water waves,
sound waves, seismic waves, and voltage and current
waves on transmission lines.
• Waves possess
– energy
– velocity
Electromagnetic Waves

• Electromagnetism is defined as the combination of


alternating electric and magnetic fields created by
accelerated charges that propagate out from these
charges at the speed of light in the form of waves-
electromagnetic waves or radiation.

• History The knowledge that the two fields were


interdependent began with the discovery by Hans Christian
Orsted in the early 1820’s.
• Maxwell’s Equations: (1873), in which he showed
that four fundamental mathematical equations
describe the entire known electric and magnetic
phenomenon.
1) Gauss’s law for electricity which states that positive and
negative charges create magnetic fields.
2) Gauss's law for magnetism states that the total magnetic
flux through a Gaussian surface is zero.
3) Faraday's law of induction describes how a changing
magnetic field can create an electric field.
4)Ampere's law states that magnetic fields can be generated
by changing electric fields.
Maxwell’s Equations
For free space, Maxwell’s equations take the form:

.( E ) 0
.( H) 0
 ( H)
E 
t

( E )
H 
t
Here,
E Electric field Intensity (v/m)
H Magnetic field Intensity (A/m)
 Dielectric Permeability (Farads/m)
 Magnetic permeability (Henrys/m)
 Gradient vector operator (  ix   ix   ix )
x y z
Wave Equation
The Physics of wave propagation is well defined by
the wave equation. For an EMwave, it is given by
2
 1 2
E
E 2
c t 2
Where,
2 2 2
2 laplacian operator ( 2
  2 2 2 )
x y z

1
c Speed of propagation c (for free space 3x10 8 m/s)



For a scalar field s(x ,t ) , the wave equation is,
2 s 2 s 2 s 1 2 s
2
 2 2 2 2
x y z c t
Importance of Wave Equation in Array
Signal Processing

• Its solution is a propagating wave.


• It governs how signals pass from a source
radiating energy to an array.
• Through the wave equation’s solution for a given
source-medium-array situation, array processing
algorithm can extract the information about the
source position and source waveform.
Solution of the wave Equation

S ( x, y, z, t )  f ( x) g ( y )h( z ) p(t )

S ( x, y, z, t )  A exp [ j (t - k x x - k y y - k z z )]
2 2 2 2
k x  ky  k z 
c2
 2 2
 k  2
c

S ( x, t )  A exp [ j (t - k .x)]

k .x
The direction of propagation

of plane wave is,
o k
 
 k
Wherek is the wavenumber vector; its magnitude
expresses the number 2
of cycles (in radians) per
meter of length ( k   )that the plane wave exhibits
in the direction of propagation.


Spatial frequency k and temporal frequency  are
related by
 2 2
k  2
c
Period and Wavelength
2
During one Temporal period T  the plane

moves one cycle forward in space.
The distance propagated during one temporal
period is the wavelength
2

k
If 

k , Eq.(2) may be written as
 

s(x , t ) A exp{ j(t   . x)}
Where is the reciprocal of propagation speed

( )and is called the slowness vector.
 1 c
Summary of some important
equations
The propagation of plane waves is governed by the following
equations,

Propagating Plane wave s(t   .x)


Propagating sinusoidal plane 
sin(t  k. x)
wave

   1/ c
Slowness vector  k /  ,
  2
Wavenumber vector k  , k


Frequency and wavelength c  .
2
Different effects on wave Propagation
1) Doppler Effect:
Whenever the sensor or propagating source moves, the
frequency measured at the sensor is different from that
produced by the source.

2) Dispersion:
Dispersion is the phenomenon due to which different
wavelengths exhibit different propagation speeds. In
dispersion, the phase velocity of a wave depends on its
frequency. Media having such a property are termed
dispersive media.
Phase Velocity: The speed at which planes of
constant phase ( k .x = constant), move forward.
v p  t  k

Group velocity: The velocity at which a group of


closely spaced(in frequency) complex exponential
waves propagate. d
vg 
dk
3) Attenuation:
Attenuation decreases the intensity
of electromagnetic radiation due
to absorption or scattering of photons.
4) Refraction:
It is a physical phenomenon that causes rays to bend
when a wave approaches a boundary between two media
that have unequal speeds of propagation.

5)Diffraction:
It can cause the wave to deviate from straight-line
propagation. Diffraction theory explains why the edges of
shadows are not perfectly sharp.
Array Processing implications:

 Lossy media cause signals to decay more rapidly


than predicted by ideal wave equation.
 In dispersive media media, narrowband sources
propagate to the array at speeds different than
the medium’s characteristic speed.
 Waves propagating in an inhomogeneous
medium rarely travel in a straight line.
 Refraction can lead to multipath.
 Diffraction means that opaque objects located
between the source and the array can induce
complicated wavefields.
References
• Don H. Johnson, Dan E. Dudgeon, “Array
Signal Processing: Concepts and Techniques”,
Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,NJ 07632.
• www.wikipedia.com

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