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Academic Referencing - APA

The document outlines the guidelines for academic referencing according to the American Psychological Association (APA) style, emphasizing its importance in avoiding plagiarism, acknowledging sources, and supporting claims. It details when to use references, the main styles of referencing, and the structure of in-text citations, including parenthetical and narrative formats. Additionally, it provides guidance on quoting, paraphrasing, and citing multiple works, along with common mistakes to avoid in the referencing process.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views72 pages

Academic Referencing - APA

The document outlines the guidelines for academic referencing according to the American Psychological Association (APA) style, emphasizing its importance in avoiding plagiarism, acknowledging sources, and supporting claims. It details when to use references, the main styles of referencing, and the structure of in-text citations, including parenthetical and narrative formats. Additionally, it provides guidance on quoting, paraphrasing, and citing multiple works, along with common mistakes to avoid in the referencing process.

Uploaded by

099957973a
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Academic Referencing: The

American Psychological
Association (APA)
GUIDELINES FOR REFERENCING
WHAT IS ACADEMIC
REFERENCING?
• Referencing is a standard convention used by academic
and professional communities designed to inform
readers of the sources of information used in a piece of
written work.
Importance of referencing
 To avoid plagiarism
 To acknowledge the contribution of other writers and researchers in
your work
 To give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words
and ideas
 To provide evidence to support the assertions and claims in your own
work/lectures
 For the reader/learner to verify the data / information you have used
Importance of referencing cont’d
 Referencing also allows for you to retrace your steps and locate
information you have used for lectures/assignments and discover
further views or ideas discussed by the author.
 By referencing clearly and correctly, it demonstrates you have
undertaken research
 Citations also make your writing more persuasive.
 References allow the reader to consult your sources independently.
 References show the reader the depth and breadth of your reading.
When to use references
 Whenever you quote (use exact words)
 Whenever you paraphrase (use other people's ideas
using your own words)
 Whenever you summarise (use main points of
someone else's opinions, theories or data)
 Whenever you use other people’s data or figures. You
need to reference when you reprint any diagrams,
illustrations, charts or pictures.
When not to use references
 writing your own observations or experiment results, for example, a
report on a field trip
 writing about your own experiences, for example, a reflective journal
 writing your own thoughts, comments or conclusions in an
assignment (e.g. … following these reports, COVID can best be
defeated not by wearing masks, but staying indoors.)
 offering own analysis (e.g. … these results contradict what XYZ
reported in 2016)
 using 'common knowledge' (facts that can be found in numerous
places and are likely to be known by a lot of people) or folklore (e.g.
a headache causes discomfort)
 using generally accepted facts or information, but this may vary
across disciplines
Sources of References
• Your references may be sources of information such as:
• Books
• Periodicals
• Websites
• Newspapers
• government reports
• legal cases
• electronic recordings (CD, DVD, television)
• Brochures
• and several other sources
Main styles of referencing
Referencing style Common disciplines
APA (American Psychological Psychology and social sciences
Association
MLA (Modern Language Literature and Linguistics
Association of America)
Chicago Arts and Humanities
Vancouver Health sciences (numbered
references)
The APA
• APA stands for American Psychological Association. It is one of the
most commonly used referencing style in the Social Sciences,
including education.
Two main parts to referencing -
APA

• The first part is indicating within your work/notes the sources of the
information you have used to write your notes/text(citing in text, in
text citations or text citations)
• The second part to referencing is the construction of a reference list.
• This shows the complete details of everything you cited and appears in an
alphabetical list on a separate page, at the end of your assignment.
Two main parts to referencing -
APA

• The first part is indicating within your work/notes the sources of the
information you have used to write your notes/text(citing in text, in
text citations or text citations)
• The second part to referencing is the construction of a reference list.
• This shows the complete details of everything you cited and appears in an
alphabetical list on a separate page, at the end of your assignment.
Parenthetical and narrative
citations
• In text citation can be parenthetical or part of a narrative.
• If you use the name of the author(s) in your writing and place the
year of publication of the work in parentheses after the author’s
name, this is known as a narrative in-text citation, which means that
the reference is part of a sentence, and not in brackets.
• e.g. ‘According to Jones (2013)…, or Jones (2013) states that….
Parenthetical and narrative
citations cont’d
• If you refer to a work in the text of your paper and you are not using the author’s
name in your narrative, but rather place the author's last name and the year of
publication of the work in parentheses within or at the end of the sentence, this
is known as a parenthetical in-text citation or citations in brackets, e.g.
• The research conclusively proved a correlation between the results (Mullane,
2006). A recent study (Wilson, 2015) shows the same correlation.
• Both the author and the date, separated by a comma, appear in parentheses for a
parenthetical citation.
• A parenthetical citation can appear within or at the end of a sentence.
• When a parenthetical citation is at the end of a sentence, put the period or other
end punctuation after the closing parenthesis.
Parenthetical and narrative
citations cont’d
Note:
• If other text appears with the parenthetical citation, use commas
around the year.
• e.g. (see Koehler, 2016, for more detail)
• When text and a citation appear together in parentheses, use a
semicolon to separate the citation from the text; do not use
parentheses within parentheses.
• e.g. (e.g., falsely balanced news coverage; Koehler, 2016)
• The choice between parenthetical and narrative in-text citation
depends on the writer and the flow of the narrative.
Parenthetical and narrative
citations cont’d
Note:
• If a paraphrase or summary continues over several consecutive
sentences cite the work on first mention, it is not necessary to repeat
the citation as long as it is clear to your reader that you are referring
to the same work, e.g.
• Fang (2017) has collected new data on the implementation of renewable
technologies in Europe. Thirty-three percent showed an improvement in Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) in the first 5 years. There was no negative impact on
employment.
In-text citations cont’d
Narrative Parenthetical
According to Jones (2013), most Most children are exposed to malaria
children are exposed to malaria due to due to lack of parental care (Jones,
or 2013).

Jones (2013) states that most children Due to lack of parental care (Jones,
are exposed to malaria because … 2013), most children are exposed to
malaria.
Common mistake: According to Jones Common mistake: This was clearly
(2013), he states that … demonstrated by (Smith, 1990) in his
groundbreaking research
Reference verbs
Attitude
• Some verbs show the writer’s attitude/stance/position to the research of others
[e.g. Brown (1990) noted/ stated/ argued/ claimed …]
• Others show the original researcher’s attitude to his own research [Banda
suggested/ asserted/admitted that ]
Tense/form
• These verbs can be either in the present or the past tense.
• Past tense: When reporting what was found in a single or a series of studies. For
example, Lockwell (2016) found that….
• In some cases, while the past indicates that the source is older and may be out-
of-date, but in some disciplines an old source may still have validity.
Reference verbs cont’d
• Present tense: When conveying a general state of a debate in a field
e.g. The efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines remains controversial. Some
scholars, such as Lockwell (2019) argue that…
• The use of the present tense suggests that the source is recent and
still valid,
Hedging (non-commital) verbs: When critiquing other authors. E.g.
Although the Pfizer vaccine is claimed to be the most effective by
Lockwell (2019), the author seems to base much on results from a study
that had few participants.
Reference verbs – other examples

emphasize
...

suggests indicates .
that ... ..

REFERENCE
VERBS

concludes
explains ...
that ...

states ...
Examples of reference verbs
cont’d
NB: Make sure that there is subject-verb agreement between the
reference entry and the reference verb. You should also choose a verb
that matches the nature of the information conveyed, i.e. ‘… explains’
for an explanation; ‘… argues’ for a claim/an argument, etc.
Practice task
• State whether the verbs in the statements below are rightly chosen or
not. Justify your response.
Jones (2013) argues that a severe headache causes discomfort.
Jones (2013) explained that education is important.
Jones (2013) suggests that although COVID-19 has evidently caused several
deaths, we should not live in fear.
How to cite sources of info
• One may present these sources as either a summary/ paraphrase or
as a quotation.
• In each case a citation is included to provide a link to the list of
references at the end of your paper
Quotations
• If you directly quote fewer than 40 words, enclose the quotation
using double quotation marks within the text.
• The year of publication of the work along with the page number(s)*
of the quote should be provided in parentheses.
• Mullane (2006) referred to this correlation as a “statistical anomaly” (p. 118),
contributing . . .
or
• It was found that the correlation was a “statistical anomaly” (Mullane, 2006,
p. 118).
Quotations cont’d
• If the quotation is greater than 40 words it should be displayed in a
double-spaced indented block (1.27 cm) without quotation marks.
• Mullane (2006) stated that:
If any similar qualitative research is to be undertaken in the future, then
stringent controls should be put in place to ensure such statistical anomalies do
not occur through lack of methodological rigor, particularly through corruption
of data inadequately stored and processed. (p. 66)
Sample paraphrase
• From Pennycook’s 1994 book on English as an international language
(p. 11), “most people in English language teaching have been poorly
served by academic work” could become one of the following:
Pennycook (1994) believes that the work of researchers and writers is
not supportive to English language teachers.
In 1994, Pennycook claimed that the work of researchers and writers was
not helpful to English language teachers
A notable publication (Pennycook, 1994) claimed that the work of
researchers and writers was not helpful to English language teachers.
Undercitation and overcitation
• Avoid both undercitation and overcitation.
• Undercitation can lead to plagiarism and/or self-plagiarism.
• Even when sources cannot be retrieved (e.g., because they are
personal communications, you still need to credit them in the text.
• Overcitation can be distracting and is unnecessary.
• For example, it is considered overcitation to repeat the same citation
in every sentence when the source and topic have not changed.
Omitting the Year in Repeated
Narrative Citations
• In general, the author and date should be included in every in-text
citation.
• If you need to repeat a citation, repeat the entire citation; do not, for
example, include only a page number (the abbreviation “ibid.” is not
used in APA Style).
• The year can be omitted from a citation only when multiple narrative
citations to a work appear within a single paragraph.
• In other words, when an in-text citation (with author and year) is used
earlier in the paragraph, subsequent narrative mentions of the work
in the SAME paragraph do not need to include the year.
Omitting year cont’d
• This rule only applies when the citation could not be confused with
another in the paragraph and should only be used in instances when
the name is given in the narrative.
e.g.
• Smith (2009) analyzed how . . . Smith also suggested . . .
• According to Malinowski (1931), translation implies the unification of cultural
contexts. Malinowski also explains that this is apparent when one considers
the sort of words in other words that are relatively easy to translate into
English, and those that are not.
PAGE NUMBERS
• Page numbers are not required when paraphrasing or summarising.
• However, if you would like to direct your reader to a specific section or paragraph
you may include the page number or page range.
• When quoting directly, always provide the author, year, and page number of the
quotation in the in-text citation in either parenthetical or narrative format.
• To indicate a single page, use the abbreviation “p.” (e.g., p. 25, p. S41, p. e221)
• For multiple pages, use the abbreviation “pp.” and separate the page range with
an en dash (e.g., pp. 34–36).
• If pages are discontinuous, use a comma between the page numbers (e.g., pp. 67,
72).
Page numbers cont’d
• When there are no page numbers, but the sources contain headings
or numbered paragraphs, use a section name or paragraph number
e.g. Jones (2008, Introduction section) or Roberts (2008, para. 5).

• If the paragraphs are not numbered, manually count the paragraphs


and include the paragraph number after the heading, e.g. Anderson
(2005, Discussion section, para. 2).
Citing Multiple Works
• When citing multiple works parenthetically, place the citations in
alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons.
• Listing both parenthetical in-text citations and reference list entries in
alphabetical order helps readers locate and retrieve works because
they are listed in the same order in both places.

e.g. (Adams et al., 2019; Shumway & Shulman, 2015; Westinghouse,
2017)
Multiple works cont’d
Separate sources, different authors:
. . . and a number of studies have shown identical results
(Sanders, 2008; Smith, 2009).
Two or more publications by the same author:
It was found that . . . (Smith, 2000, 2004)
Multiple works cont’d
• If multiple sources are cited within the narrative of a sentence, they
can appear in any order.
• Suliman (2018), Gutiérrez (2012, 2017), and Medina and Reyes (2019)
examined . . .
Works With the Same Author
and Same Date
• When multiple references have an identical author (or authors) and
publication year, include a lowercase letter after the year.
• The year–letter combination is used in both the in-text citation and
the reference list entry.
• Use only the year with a letter in the in-text citation, even if the
reference list entry contains a more specific date.
• (Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a)
• Judge and Kammeyer-Mueller (2012b)
• (Sifuentes, n.d.-a, n.d.-b)
• Jones (1999a, 1999b) stated . . .
Different works of the same
author name
• If you have references for multiple works by the same author surname, each of the works with
the same author surname is listed alphabetically in the reference list by the initials of the first
author, irrespective of the names of the other authors or the years.
• In the text, citations are differentiated by including the first author’s initials even if the year of
publication is different e.g.
Reference list
• Goldberg, J. M. (1961) . . .
• Goldberg, M. E. (1972) . . .
• In-text citation
• J. M. Goldberg (1961) and M. E. Goldberg (1972) studied . . .
• If the authors have the same surname and the same initials, then you write out their given names
in full.
• For example:
• (James Taylor, 2015) and (John Taylor, 2015)
SINGLE AUTHOR
• Reference list
• Andreasen, N. C. (2001). Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the
era of the genome. Oxford University Press.
• In-text citation
• Andreasen (2001) stated that . . . or It is suggested that. . .
(Andreasen, 2001).
TWO AUTHORS

• Reference list
• Copstead, L., & Banasik, J. (2005). Pathophysiology (3rd ed.).
Saunders.
• In-text citation
• Copstead and Banasik (2005) stated that . . . or It is suggested that. . .
(Copstead & Banasik, 2005).
THREE TO TWENTY AUTHORS
• Reference list
• [All authors should be given when there are up to 20 authors.]
• Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D., Quliyev, T., Gjoni, H., Gruber, I., Hofer, S.,
Fischer, I., Maes, S., López, N., Díaz, O., Cruz, T., Mora, A.,
Wáng, R., Li, E., Yáng, A., Zhào, L., Zhōu, B., & Elliott, D. (2007).
Nursing and midwifery research: Methods and appraisal for
evidence-based practice (3rd ed.). Elsevier Australia.
• Note: Within each entry, author names should be listed in the order in
which they appear on the source or as displayed on the title page.
THREE TO TWENTY AUTHORS
cont’d
In-text citation
• Note: When there are three or more authors, give the name of the
first author and abbreviate the others to et al. (“and others”) –
('et alii’ - masculine plural; or 'et aliae’ - feminine plural) right from
the first instance of citing them.
• Schneider et al. (2007) showed that . . . or . . . is demonstrated
(Schneider et al., 2007).
TWENTY ONE OR MORE
AUTHORS
Reference list
• If a source has 21 or more authors, place three ellipsis points between
the 19th and final author name to indicate that some names have
been omitted e.g.
• Jones, P., . . . Adams, N. (2009).
• Chen, T., Gjoni, H., Gruber, I., Hofer, S., Fischer, I., Maes, S., López,
N., Díaz, O., Cruz, T., Mora, A., Wáng, R., Li, E., Yáng, A., Zhào, L.,
Zhōu, B., Mirza, O., Bonik, O., Aliyev, K., Biton, H., . . . Ishii, F.
(2020). Referencing styles that changed the world. Libtty Press.
TWENTY ONE OR MORE
AUTHORS
In-text citation
• Chen et al. (2020) found . . . or This has indicated . . . (Chen et al.,
2020).
REFERENCING SECONDARY
SOURCES
• Use secondary sources sparingly (APA 7th ed.) e.g. when an original
work is out of print.
• In these instances you may want to quote or paraphrase a source (A)
that is referred to within another source (B).
• You should not cite source A as though you read the original work.
• You must cite source (A) through the secondary source (B) which you
actually read.
• For example, the book you are using is written by Smith who quotes
another author called Jones.
• In your essay you wish to use Jones’ idea.
Secondary sources cont’d
• In-text you should acknowledge both the primary source (Jones) and
secondary source (Smith).
• Include the publication date of the primary source if known:
• Jones (1990, as cited in Smith, 2009) agreed that the experiment failed to
confirm this hypothesis.
• or
• The experiment failed to confirm this hypothesis (Jones, 1990, as cited in
Smith, 2009).
• The publication date of the primary source is left out if it is not known:
• Jacob’s diary (as cited in Cohen, 2015) agreed . . .
Secondary sources cont’d
• or
• The letter succeeded in confirming this action (Jacob, as cited in
Cohen, 2015).
Reference list
• Provide only the details of the secondary source in your reference list:
• Smith, J. (2009). Hypotheses. Western Sydney University.
GROUP AUTHOR
Reference list
• Narungga Aboriginal Progress Association. (2006). Nharrangga warra:
Narungga dictionary.
[Note: When the author is also the publishing body omit the publisher
element after the title.]
In-text citation
• A group author with a long name can be abbreviated in text, if it is
well known or will be cited more than three times. Use the full name
on the first occasion followed by the abbreviation.
Group author cont’d
First entry:
• Narungga Aboriginal Progress Association (NAPA, 2006) documents. . .
• or
• Information is . . . (Narungga Aboriginal Progress Association [NAPA],
2006).
Second and subsequent entries:
• NAPA (2006) shows that . . .
• or
• A dictionary that . . . (NAPA, 2006)
NO AUTHOR
Reference list
• When a work has no identifiable author, move the title of the work to
the author position and follow with the date of publication.
• HIV/AIDs resources: A nationwide directory (10th ed.). (2004). Guides
for Living.
• Only use “Anonymous” in the author position if “Anonymous” is
specifically stated as the author on the publication itself.
• Anonymous. (2002). Maximum security: A hacker’s guide to
protecting your computer systems and network (4th ed.). Sams
Publishing.
No author cont’d
In-text citation
• When citing or referring to a title in text, capitalise all major/content
words.
• If the title is long, it can be shortened for the in-text citation.
• HIV/AIDs Resources (2004) states that . . .
or
• This directory shows . . . (HIV/AIDs Resources, 2004).
• Computer and network security . . . (Anonymous, 2002).
REFERENCE LIST
• Includes details of the works cited in your paper.
• Separate page at the end of your assignment paper and is titled ‘References’ in bold.
• Each item cited in the reference list must have been cited in your paper.
• All sources appearing in the reference list must be ordered alphabetically by
surname.
• In contrast to the reference list, a bibliography includes details of sources not cited
in your paper which were used to support your research.
• While the APA style does not use bibliographies, you may sometimes
be required to include one in addition to a References list.
• These items should also be listed in alphabetical order by surname.
Reference list cont’d
• The reference list should be double spaced (both within and in
between entries) with hanging indents used for the second and
subsequent lines of each entry.
• A hanging indent is where the first line starts at the left margin and
subsequent lines are indented (approx. 1.27 cm or five spaces).
• Italics is the preferred format for titles of books, journals and videos.
• Article and chapter titles are not italicised or placed within quotation
marks.
• Volume numbers are italicised but issue numbers are not.
Reference list cont’d -
capitalisation
• Book titles
• capitalise the first letter of the first word of the title, and the first letter of the
first word after a colon.
• e.g. Ageing and aged care in Australia
and
• Brave new brain: Conquering mental illness in the era of the genome.
• Article, chapter or section titles
• Capitalise the first letter of the first word of the title, and the first letter of the
first word after a colon.
• e.g. Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace
adversity: A literature review
Reference list cont’d
• Proper nouns, acronyms and abbreviations that are normally
capitalised should be capitalised in the reference list and citations.
ONLINE AND PRINT REFERENCES
- FORMAT
Source Information
Title of DOI
Author Date Publisher
book
information
https://doi.org/
The realities
10.22
of and Oxford University
Peetz, D. (2019). 459/RFW.2019
futures of Press.
work.
Format cont’d
• When referencing online and print resources it is necessary to provide
details about the author, date, title and location.
• In APA 7 the location is described as the source element, where readers
can retrieve the work, in a reference.
• For example, the source element for a journal article includes the journal
title, volume and issue number, and for a book it is the publisher.
• A digital object identifier (DOI) must be included in the source element
when one is available.
• A DOI is always presented as a URL with the prefix https://doi.org/ for
both print and online works.
EDITED BOOK
• Reference list
• Craven, I. (Ed.). (2001). Australian cinema in the 1990s. Frank Cass.
• Note: When there is more than one editor, add (Eds.) in brackets after
the last editor’s name and follow the same formatting shown in the
examples for books.
• In-text citation
• Craven (2001) discussed the successful . . .
• or
• The film starred actors . . . (Craven, 2001).
CHAPTER OR ARTICLE IN AN EDITED
BOOK
• Reference list
• Ferres, K. (2001). Idiot box: Television, urban myths and ethical scenarios. In I.
Craven (Ed.), Australian cinema in the 1990s (pp. 175-188). Frank Cass.
• In-text citation
• Ferres (2001) discussed the television episode . . .
or
• The television episode . . . (Ferres, 2001).
Edited book cont’d
• If the edited book or reference work has edition or volume
information in addition to page numbers, include them in the same
parentheses in the following order: edition, volume number, and page
numbers (separated by commas).
• Title of book (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. xx–xx).
• In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp.
212–255). Publisher Name.
E-BOOK AVAILABLE VIA THE INTERNET
(E.G. KINDLE BOOK) WITH NO DOI
• Reference list
• Barley, E. (2016). Health psychology in nursing practice. SAGE Publications.
https://amzn.to/2QBXtxF
• Note: In this example the publisher name is in capital letters because
it follows the same format that is displayed on the work and the URL
has been shortened.
• In-text citation Barley (2016) stated that . . .
• or
• Functional metabolism is . . . (Barley, 2016).
Periodical Sources
• When a periodical (i.e., journal, magazine, newspaper, newsletter, or
blog) is the source, provide the periodical title, volume number, issue
number, and page range or article number
• Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(2), 101–118.

• Capitalize the title of a periodical using title case (see Section 6.17),
italicize it, and place a comma (not italicized) after it.
JOURNAL ARTICLE (PRINT VERSION)
• Reference list
• Woolley, T., & Raasch, B. (2005). Predictors of sunburn in north Queensland
recreational boat users. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 16(1), 26-31.
• Note: If a DOI is available for a printed article include it at the end of the
reference
• as a URL e.g. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312468251
• In-text citation
• Woolley and Raasch (2005) stated that the . . .
• or
• Sunscreen is the most popular form of sun protection (Woolley & Raasch,
2005).
MAGAZINE ARTICLE (FROM THE
INTERNET)
• Reference list
• Bergeson, S. (2019, January 4). Really cool neutral plasmas. Science,
363(6422), 33–34. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau7988
• Note: When a magazine or journal does not have volume or issue
numbers, the publication date e.g. (2019, May) becomes the issue
information used to locate the article.
• Replace the URL with a DOI, if one is available, at the end of the
reference. Add https://doi.org/ before the DOI number.
MAGAZINE ARTICLE - PRINT
• Bergeson, S. (2019, January 4). Really cool neutral plasmas. Science,
363(6422), 33–34.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE (VIA PRINT OR
LIBRARY DATABASE)
• Reference list
• In most cases, a URL/ database name is not required. The reference will
appear the same as for print.
• Berkovic, N. (2009, March 31). Handouts may not be sent: Tax office
seeks quick resolution of High Court challenge. The Australian, p. 5.
• In-text citation
• Berkovic (2009) explained that handouts . . .
• or
• It was suggested that handouts may not be sent (Berkovic, 2009).
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE (FROM THE
INTERNET)
• Reference list
• Griffis, D. (2019, November 21). In traditional language, there is no word
for disability. The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/21/intr
aditional-language-there-is-no-word-for-disability
• See also Webpage on a news website.
• In-text citation
• Griffis (2019) explained that . . .
• or
• It was suggested that meeting the needs of First Peoples . . . (Griffis, 2019).
WEBPAGES AND WEBSITES
When referencing webpages include the following elements:
- Author/editor/compiler
- Date
- Title
- Name of website (if not named as the author)
- Retrieval date if the source could change over time e.g. Facebook
page, Twitter profile.
- URL
WEBPAGE ON A NEWS WEBSITE
• Reference list
• Scherer, J., & Lal, S. (2020, January 10). Tourism industry suffers as
bushfire images scare off international travellers. SBS News.
https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tourism-industry-suffers-as-
bushfireimages-scare-off-international-travellers
• In-text citation
• Scherer and Lal (2020) reported . . .
• or
• Reporting of disasters can affect local tourism (Scherer & Lal, 2020).
WEBPAGE ON THE INTERNET,
ORGANISATION AS AUTHOR
• Reference list
• SANE Australia. (2019). What is mental illness?
https://www.sane.org/information-stories/facts-and-guides/what-
ismental-illness
• Note: When the author and website name are the same omit the site name
from the source element. Enter the group name as it appears on the website.
• In-text citation
• SANE Australia (2019) explains that . . .
• or
• Mental illness is . . . (SANE Australia, 2019).
WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE, CONTENT
LIKELY TO CHANGE
• Reference list
• NSW Government Health. (n.d.). NSW Health organisation chart.
Retrieved January 24, 2020, from
https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/about/nswhealth/Pages/chart.as
px
• Use ‘Retrieved’ and include a retrieval date only when the content on
the website is likely to change and there is no access to archived
content. An example might be a free online dictionary entry.
YouTube video
• Reference list
• Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate a light
switch [Video]. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Vja83KLQXZs
• In-text citation
Norton (2006) showed that a cat can be trained . . .
• or
Training a cat requires . . . (Norton, 2006).
WHICH SOURCES SHOULD A
STUDENT USE?
• The best sources to use in academic writing are those that have
been through some kind of review process.
• When an article gets submitted to a journal it is read and critiqued by
other academics.
• This is known as peer review. Books go through a similar process in
the publishing world.
• Sources such as Wikipedia, or random pages on the internet have not
been through a peer review process, and so are not generally
favoured
Credible sources cont’d
• Think about the sources you are choosing when you write your
assignments. Ask yourself:
• Is there a date?
• Is there a name?
• Is there evidence of some kind of review process before it has gone on the
internet?
• Academic writing and APA referencing is about quality of sources.
• Ideally your information should have quality.
Reading assignment
• Read APA referencing guidelines and check how the following types of
sources are cited in-text and presented in the list of references.

1. WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE, CONTENT LIKELY TO CHANGE


2. WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE, NO DATE
3. VIDEO FROM THE INTERNET - YOUTUBE
4. THESIS/DISSERTATION – UNPUBLISHED
5. LECTURE (UNPUBLISHED) / PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
6. IMAGE ON THE INTERNET
7. BROCHURE
8. AUDIO RECORDING
9. DICTIONARY (PRINT VERSION)

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