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CollegeAlgebra_01_Algebra+Essentials_

The document outlines essential concepts in college algebra, including the classification of real numbers, order of operations, properties of real numbers, and rules of exponents. It also covers scientific notation, operations on square roots, and provides a quick review of key mathematical concepts. This material is intended for first-year computer science students at the University of Makeni.

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3 views24 pages

CollegeAlgebra_01_Algebra+Essentials_

The document outlines essential concepts in college algebra, including the classification of real numbers, order of operations, properties of real numbers, and rules of exponents. It also covers scientific notation, operations on square roots, and provides a quick review of key mathematical concepts. This material is intended for first-year computer science students at the University of Makeni.

Uploaded by

ibrahimsoryjalloh91
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF MAKENI – DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

YEAR 1

Algebra Essentials
COLLEGE ALGEBRA

Lecturer: Engineer Moses Kargbo


Mathematics, the Language of
Science
 Earliest use of numbers occurred
100 centuries ago in the Middle
East to count items

 Farmers, cattlemen, and


tradesmen used tokens, stones,
or markers to signify a single
item

 Made commerce possible and Yuan Dynasty iron magic


lead to improved square showing Persian/ Arabic
communications and spread of numbers (ca. 1271 – 1368)
civilization
Real Numbers
 Natural numbers: numbers used for counting: {1,2,3,…}

 Whole numbers: natural numbers plus zero: {0,1,2,3,…}

 Integers: adds negative natural numbers to the set of whole numbers: {…,
−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,…}

 Rational numbers includes fractions written as { | and are integers and }

 Irrational numbers is the set of numbers that are not rational, are
nonrepeating, and are nonterminating: { is not a rational number}
Real Numbers

There is a subset relationship between the sets of numbers


N : the set of natural numbers, W : the set of whole numbers, I : the set of integers, Q : the set
of rational numbers, Q´: the set of irrational numbers
Order of Operations
Operations in mathematical expressions must be evaluated in a systematic
order, which can be simplified using the acronym PEMDAS:

 P(arentheses)
 E(xponents)
 M(ultiplication) and D(ivision)
 A(ddition) and S(ubtraction)
Simplify a Mathematical Expression
using the Order of Operations
1. Simplify any expressions within grouping symbols

2. Simplify any expressions containing exponents or radicals

3. Perform any multiplication and division in order, from left to right

4. Perform any addition and subtraction in order, from left to right


Properties of Real Numbers
Addition Multiplication
Commutative Property
Associative Property
Distributive Property
Identity Property There exists a unique real There exists a unique real
number called the additive number called the
identity, 0, such that, for any multiplicative identity, 1, such
real number that, for any real number

Inverse Property Every real number a has an Every nonzero real number
additive inverse, or opposite, has a multiplicative inverse, or
denoted , such that reciprocal, denoted , such that

The properties hold for real numbers a, b, and c


Evaluate and Simplify Algebraic
Expressions
 Algebraic expression: collection of constants and variables
joined by the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division
 Equation: mathematical statement indicating that two
expressions are equal
 Formula: equation expressing a relationship between constant
and variable quantities

Simplify algebraic expression to make it easier to evaluate using the


properties of real numbers. We can use the same properties in
formulas because they contain algebraic expressions.
Rule of Exponents

The Product Rule: For any real number and natural numbers and , the
product rule of exponents states that
Rule of Exponents

The Quotient Rule: For any real number and natural numbers the quotient
rule of exponents states that
Rule of Exponents

The Power Rule: For any real number and positive integers and , the power
rule of exponents states that
Zero and Negative Rule of Exponents

Zero Exponent Rule: For any nonzero real number , the zero exponent rule of
exponents states that

Negative Exponent Rule: For any nonzero real number and natural number ,
the negative rule of exponents states that
The Power of a Product Rule of Exponents

For any real numbers and and any integer , the power of a product rule of
exponents states that
The Power of a Quotient Rule of Exponents

For any real numbers and and any integer , the power of a product rule of
exponents states that
Scientific Notation

 A number is written in scientific notation if it is written in the form


, where and is an integer

 To convert a number in scientific notation to standard notation, simply


reverse the process

 Scientific notation, used with the rules of exponents, makes calculating with
large or small numbers much easier than doing so using standard notation
Summary: Exponents and
Scientific Notation
Rule of Exponents
For nonzero real numbers and and integers and
Product Rule =
Quotient Rule
Power Rule
Zero Exponent Rule =1
Negative Rule
Power of a Product Rule
Power of a Quotient Rule
Square Root
 The principal square root of is the nonnegative number that, when
multiplied by itself, equals .
 It is written as a radical expression, with a symbol called a radical over the
term called the radicand:
Product Rule for Simplifying
Square Roots
If and are nonnegative, the square root of the product is equal to
the product of the square roots of and
The Quotient Rule for Simplifying
Square Roots
The square root of the quotient is equal to the quotient of the
square roots of and , where
Operations on Square Roots

Radical expression requiring addition or subtraction of square roots:

1. Simplify each radical expression


2. Add or subtract expressions with equal radicands

Example:
 We can rewrite as
 Using the product rule, this becomes , or or
 Add the two terms that have the same radicand:
Operations on Square Roots

Rationalize the denominator of an expression with a single square root


radical term in the denominator

1. Multiply the numerator and denominator by the radical in the denominator


2. Simplify

Example:
 Multiply both the numerator and denominator by
 Simplify:
Operations on Square Roots

Given an expression with a radical exponent, write the expression as a


radical
1. Determine the power by looking at the numerator of the exponent
2. Determine the root by looking at the denominator of the exponent
3. Using the base as the radicand, raise the radicand to the power and use the
root as the index

Example:
Nth Roots and Rational Exponents

Nth Root: If is a real number with at least one n th root, then


the principal n th root of , written as , is the number with the same
sign as that, when raised to the n th power, equals . The index of
the radical is .

Rational exponents: another way to express principal n th roots. The


general form for converting between a radical expression with a
radical symbol and one with a rational exponent is
Quick Review
 What is the difference between a natural number and a whole number?
 What is a rational number?
 What is exponential notation?
 What is the order of operations for performing calculations?
 What is the commutative property of addition?
 What is the associative property of multiplication?
 What is the inverse property of multiplication?
 What is an equation?
 What is the product rule for exponents?
 What is the power rule for exponents?
 What is scientific notation?
 What is a radical expression?
 How do you simplify the square root of a product

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