AUXETICS

AM.EN.U4MEE21016 - Aryan S Duge

AM.EN.U4MEE21090 - Punam Roy
Suprio
• Auxetic structures are
characterized by a negative
Poisson’s ratio (NPR). Unlike
traditional structures, auxetic
meta-materials show lateral
shrinkage under compressive
loading or lateral expansion
under tensile loading .​
Types Of
Auxetics
•Re-entrant is a
structure in the unit cell
that folds along, so as
to give the structure a
negative angle by
folding inwards.

•https://
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
doi/pdf/10.1002/
adem.201600053
 Improved mechanical
characteristics of new
auxetic structures based
on stretch-dominated-
mechanism deformation
under compressive and
tensile loadings

IMPACT FACTOR :
6.4

School of Fashion & Textiles, The Hong Kong

Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hakim
Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
Introduction

representative element of a structure, in the principal x- and 𝑦-directions.

• A 2D auxetic structure is configured from the deployment of a unit-cell (UC), a

• Re-entrant , star , double arrow-head , S-shaped , and chiralare common types

of 2D and 3D structures with NPR.
• On the other hand, hybrid auxetic structures have also been introduced by
various researchers based on the combination of auxetic UCs or auxetic and
non-auxetic (such as honeycomb) UCs to enhance their mechanical
performance in terms of stiffness, Poisson’s ratio, and energy absorption
capability.
• A 2D auxetic structure is configured from the

of a structure, in the princi pal x- and 𝑦-directions.

deployment of a unit-cell (UC), a representative element

• are common types of 2D and 3D structures with NPR.

On the other hand, hybrid auxetic structures have also
been introduced by various researchers based on the
combination of auxetic UCs [45–47] or auxetic and non-
auxetic (such as honeycomb) UCs [48–51] to enhance
their mechanical performance in terms of stiffness,
Poisson’s ratio, and energy absorption capability.
• The newly proposed hybrid auxetic structures consist of an arrow-head combined with star
or re-entrant UCs.
• In this section, two novel hybrid UCs are designed based on the SDM. The first UC is a
combination of the re-entrant and double-arrow-head (RAH), as shown in Fig. 1(a), and
the second UC is a combination of the star and double-arrow-head (SAH), as shown in Fig.
1(b). In Fig. 1, the re-entrant and star UCs are colored green, and the double-arrow-head
UC is colored red. At the same time, other horizontal, vertical and oblique struts (colored
with black) in the RAH and SAH are added to make the designed UCs act as SDM
structures.
 After introducing the two
designed structures,
analytical equations are
first developed to calculate
Young’s modulus in the
loading direction and
Poisson’s ratio values. The
FE analysis is then
conducted to simulate the
deformation behavior of the
structures.
• The compressive
and tensile tests are per
formed to evaluate the
elastic constants of the
designed meta-materials.
• After validating the
theoretical, FE,
and experimental results,
a geometric parametric
analysis is carried out
to investigate ways to
enhance the mechanical
properties of the structures.​
 3D Printing of
Auxetic
Metamaterials
with Digitally
Reprogrammab
le Shape

IMPACT FACTOR :
8.491

Ming Lei, Wei Hong, Zeang Zhao, Craig Hamel,

Mingji Chen, Haibao Lu*, and H. Jerry Qi*
 Abstract

• In this paper, we
designed a novel
auxetic metamaterial;
by utilizing the shape
memory effect of the
constituent materials,
the in-plane moduli
and Poisson’s ratios
can be continuously
tailored.
• During deformation,
the curved meshes ensure
the rotation of the mesh joints to
achieve auxetics. The rotations of
these mesh joints are governed by the
mesh curvature, which continuously
changes during deformation. Because
of the shape memory effect, the
mesh curvature after printing can be
programmed, which can be used to
tune the rotation of the mesh joints
and the mechanical properties
of auxetic metamaterial structures,
including Poisson’s ratios, moduli, and
fracture strains.
• The objective of this paper is to develop continuously tunable auxetics
by combining SMPs and 3D printing. ​
• We designed a 2D curved mesh which corresponded to the
buckled patterns.​
• By maintaining a fixed period length, the curvature of the mesh could
be varied, corresponding to different buckling states. ​
• To evaluate the mechanical properties of meshes with different angles θ, we
fabricated the tensile samples with θ ranging from 45° to 225°.
• As designed, stiffness is determined by the curvature of the mesh. The mesh
stiffness decreases when θ increases, as shown in Figure 2b.
• When the radius of curvature R is large, the mesh undergoes stretching, and the
section area governs the mesh stiffness. When R is small, the mesh undergoes
bending, and the second moment of the section area governs the mesh stiffness.
Because the span of mesh 2h is much larger than the beam thickness t (∼30 times),
its tensile stiffness is much larger than its bending stiffness. Therefore, the 45°
sample has the highest modulus, and the 225° sample has the lowest.
• Under stretching along the y axis, the original
curved mesh would gradually become flat. Figure
3a shows the shape changes of the
representative element with θ = 180° from the FE
simulation.
• This change is induced by bending, by which the
radius of curvature R gradually increases, and the
loading direction becomes parallel to the
tangential direction of the mesh.
• Therefore, the deformation mode of the mesh
would gradually change from the one dominated
by bending to the one dominated by stretching.
• Under deformation, the bending in the mesh
induces the rotational deformation at the mesh
joint (the rotation angle is denoted by γ in Figure
3a), which induces the auxetic behaviors.
Programming by Shape Memory
Effects
• The printed mesh can be programmed into different
geometries by using the shape memory effect of PLA.
• Two Processes -
shape programming process shape recovery process
• To program the printed mesh, the mesh was first placed in a hot water bath
(85 °C) for 10 min and then stretched to the programmed strain εpro,
followed by holding the applied strain for another 20 min (step ① shown in
Figure 4a).
• The deformed shape can be fixed by adding cold water into the water bath
(step ②) while holding the deformation.
• After cooling and removing the mechanical loading, the deformed shape
was fixed. To recover the initial shape, the meshes were reheated (step ③).
• After the shape programming process of steps ① and ② , the mesh
changed into a new geometry and has the ability to bear loads at room
temperature.
• The programmed shape can be controlled by the amount of strain applied
at the programming step εpro.
2-D Digital
Patterns
• One mesh can be randomly
arranged by several units
with different curvatures,
which is termed as the
digital pattern, and
undergoes inhomogeneous
deformation
Conclusion
• When deforming, the curved mesh bending induces the rotation of the
mesh joint and consequently achieves an auxetic behavior. The mesh
curvature changes with the mesh deformation continuously. A specific
negative Poisson’s ratio corresponds to a unique mesh curvature. The
curvature can be either printed as designed or reshaped by
programming the mesh into a new shape by using the shape memory
effect of PLA.
• By the arrangements of auxetic units, the 2D meshes can switch their
printed patterns, and the 3D cylindrical shell can change their printed
shape.
• Irregular shapes from a simple geometry, which is promising to simplify
the manufacturing process of cardiovascular stents, deployable
structures, and so forth
 MODIFIED
AUXETIC
STRUCTURE
S FROM
RIGID
ROTATING
SQUARES
IMPACT FACTOR :
3.4

Julian Plewa , Małgorzata Pło´nska

and PawełLi
 AG E N DA

 ABSTRACT

 INTRODUCTION

 DESIGNING AUXETIC

STRUCTURE

 PHYSICAL STRUCTURE MODELS

 CONCLUSIONS

 FURTHER RESEARCH AND

APPLICATION

PRESENTATION TITLE 21
ABSTRACT:

AUXETIC STRUCTURES EXHIBIT UNUSUAL CHANGES IN SIZE, EXPANDING LATERALLY UPON STRETCHING
INSTEAD OF CONTRACTING. THIS PAPER PRESENTS THIS EFFECT IN A FAILSAFE MODE IN STRUCTURES MADE OF RIGID
SQUARES. WE APPLIED THE CONCEPT OF AUXETIC STRUCTURES MADE OF RIGID ROTATING SQUARES (FROM GRIMA
AND EVANS) AND OFFER A NOVEL SOLUTION FOR CONNECTING THEM. BY INTRODUCING AXES OF ROTATION ON THE
SURFACE OF THE SQUARES, A RELIABLE WORKING SYSTEM IS OBTAINED, FREE FROM STRESS, IN WHICH THE SQUARES
CAN COME INTO CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER AND COMPLETELY COVER THE SURFACE OF THE STRUCTURE, OR, IN THE
OPEN POSITION, FORM REGULARLY ARRANGED PORES. HEREIN, WE PRESENT A NEW 2D AUXETIC METAMATERIAL
THAT IS MATHEMATICALLY GENERATED BASED ON A THEORETICAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE EDGES
OF A SQUARE AND THE POSITION OF THE AXIS OF ROTATION. PHYSICAL MODELS WERE GENERATED IN THE FORM OF A
PLANAR STRUCTURE AND IN THE FORM OF A CIRCULAR CLOSED STRUCTURE. SUCH PHYSICAL MODELS CONFIRMED OUR
INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS AND THE GEOMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS, OFFERING NEW APPLICATION POSSIBILITIES. THE
NOVEL STRUCTURE THAT WAS DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE PAPER CAN BE CONSIDERED
AS A NEW PROPOSAL IN THE MARKET OF AUXETIC MATERIALS.

KEYWORDS: AUXETIC STRUCTURES; METAMATERIALS; NEGATIVE POISSON’S RATIO (NPR)

INTRODUCTION
Mechanical metamaterials are materials with properties controlled by their topology, which can have
different elastic properties than ordinary objects. These systems have abnormal properties under tensile or
compressive stress. There are two groups of metamaterials: auxetic (with a negative Poisson's ratio) and
non-auxetic (with a positive Poisson's ratio). Both groups have significant potential for applications in
energy storage, biomedicine, acoustics, photonics, thermal management, architecture, mechanical
engineering, and mechatronics.

Auxetics are special geometric constructions of regularly arranged elements (unit cells) forming a
continuous system subjected to a force field. Two basic systems are the lattice structure and other
structural arrangements. In these systems, unit cells (internal auxetic units) are in a particular configuration,
with re-entrant honeycomb cells and rotating rigid regular geometric shapes playing significant roles.
Honeycomb cells have become the basis for many solutions, complex units of re-entrant structural cells,
some of which have found practical applications.
 2 2
×

DESIGNING AUXETIC STRUCTURES MADE OF RIGID

ELEMENTS

Polygon-based structures have been described using various connecting

elements, such as thin, flexible flat ligaments, three-layer hinges, neck-like
polymer parts, pivots, and pin joints. These structures have auxetic properties
and can be used for rotation, hierarchical structures, and pin joints. However,
these solutions can lead to stress concentration at the hinges, as they
represent a trade-off between hinge failure and stiffness. Geometric analysis
is the first step in determining the elastic properties of auxetic structures, with
hinges assumed to be point contacts of square corners. A detailed analysis of
the relations between rigid squares connected with each other at the vertices
by hinges was presented (shown in figure1 ).

It is demonstrated that, for a set of four connected squares (2 2), the size
of the auxetic structure is expressed by the following formula [7]

X1 = X2 = 2l(cos θ + sin θ ) (1)

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE MODELS

The research focused on the system of rotating squares with

rotation axes on their surface. The structures were tested for
different rotation axis positions using 2mm thick rigid polymer
plates. The results showed that in the closed position, the
structure completely covers the surface, while in the open
position, pores form with size related to the parameter x. The
displacement of the rotation axis made the pores small, and the
surface of one pore is less than 3.5 3.5 mm2. The physical
model is easily stretched and assumes both open and closed
positions, with the rigid squares connected in the rotation axes
overlapping both in the closed and open positions. The study
found that for a small parameter x, a large opening and
significant size change are obtained, and frictional resistance
due to rotation is the only force acting on the elements.
C O N C LU S I O N

The paper discusses the development of modified auxetic structures

based on rigid rotating squares. The structure uses rotation axes at
the corners instead of hinges, resulting in a stable and damage-free
connection. The structure's deformation mechanism is rotational-
translational, with a Poisson's ratio value of 1. The dimensions of
the structure increase uniformly when stretched from closed to open
positions, with regular pores in the open position. The study also
presents physical models, including a flat planar model and a band-
shaped model, which show auxetic behavior consistent with
geometric predictions. The findings suggest that these structures
can be further developed and offer significant application prospects.
F U RT H E R R E S E A R C H A N D A P P L I C AT I O N S

The report suggests that geometric models should be validated with

physical models, focusing on geometric constraints. The authors plan to
construct multilayer auxetic materials with two-dimensional properties
for applications in expansion joints or mesoscale structures. The paper
was partially funded by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science.
The authors declare no conflict of interest and no involvement from the
funders in the study's design, data collection, analysis, interpretation,
manuscript writing, or publication decision.
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Thank You