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CA-AL WEEK 01 Lecture

The document provides an overview of computer architecture, focusing on the von Neumann architecture, which outlines the design and components of electronic computers. It discusses the importance of understanding computer organization and architecture for optimizing program behavior and system performance. Additionally, it highlights the distinction between architecture and organization, detailing the structure and function of various computer components.

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19 views21 pages

CA-AL WEEK 01 Lecture

The document provides an overview of computer architecture, focusing on the von Neumann architecture, which outlines the design and components of electronic computers. It discusses the importance of understanding computer organization and architecture for optimizing program behavior and system performance. Additionally, it highlights the distinction between architecture and organization, detailing the structure and function of various computer components.

Uploaded by

chimranishakti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Architecture & Assembly Language

CSC-250
COURSE LECTURE

COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT


SIBAU KANDHKOT CAMPUS
Computer Architecture
• A very good example of computer architecture is von Neumann architecture, which is still
used by most types of computers today.

• This was proposed by the mathematician John von Neumann in 1945. It describes the
design of an electronic computer with its CPU, which includes the arithmetic logic unit,
control unit, registers, memory for data and instructions, an input/output interface and
external storage functions
• Involves Logics (instruction address data types memory optimization)
• Show responsibility who does interconnect & connectivity structure
• Functional requirements
• High level design
• Focus on understanding problem
Computer Architecture
• A modern computer is an electronic, digital, general purpose computing machine that
automatically follows a step-by-step list of instructions to solve a problem. This step-by
step list of instructions that a computer follows is also called an algorithm or a computer
program.
• Why study computer organization and architecture?
• Design better programs, including system software such as compilers, operating systems, and device
drivers.
• Optimize program behavior.
• Evaluate (benchmark) computer system performance.
• Understand time, space, and price tradeoffs.
• Computer organization
• Encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems.
• E.g., circuit design, control signals, memory types.
• How does a computer work?
Computer Architecture
• Visible attributes of system to programmer
• System competitive techniques for addressing design
• Structural behavior

• Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): This is the embedded programming language of the
central processing unit.
• It defines the CPU's functions and capabilities based on what programming it can perform or
process.
• This includes the word size, processor register types, memory addressing modes, data
formats and the instruction set that programmers use.

• Microarchitecture: Otherwise known as computer organization, this type of architecture


defines the data paths, data processing and storage elements, as well as how they should be
implemented in the ISA.
Computer Architecture
• Focuses on the structure (the way in which the components are interrelated) and behavior of
the computer system and refers to the logical aspects of system implementation as seen by the
programmer

• Computer architecture includes many elements such as


• instruction sets and formats, operation codes, data types, the number and types of registers,
addressing modes, main memory access methods, and various I/O mechanisms.

• The architecture of a system directly affects the logical execution of programs.


• The computer architecture for a given machine is the combination of its hardware components
plus its instruction set architecture (ISA).
• The ISA is the interface between all the software that runs on the machine and the hard
• Studying computer architecture helps us to answer the question: How do I design a
computer?
Computer Architecture Layer
• The term layer with regard to computer architecture typically represents the way
abstraction is used to describe computer systems.
• A layer is the term used to describe the different levels at which you can place an
object.

• There are many different abstractions that have been used in computer architecture.
• If you restricted yourself to four layers, they may be defined as:
• 1) algorithm,
• 2) programming language/compiler,
• 3) processor/memory,
• 4) I/O.
Design
• This includes all hardware components in the system, including data
processors aside from the CPU, such as the graphics processing unit and
direct memory access.

• It also includes memory controllers, data paths and miscellaneous things


like multiprocessing and virtualization.

• Develop system components


• Understand configuration
• Hardware design
Why We Study Computer Architecture
• The study of computer architecture and organization focuses on the interface
between hardware and software, and emphasizes the structure and behavior of the
system.
• As computer users, we probably do not have to worry about this anymore than we
need to know what our cars look like under the hood in order to drive them.
• We can certainly write high label language programs without understanding how
these programs execute.
• We can use various application packages without understanding how they really
work. But what happens when the program we have written needs to be faster and
more efficient or the application we are using does not do precisely what we want?
• As Computer Scientists, we need a basic understanding of computer system itself
in order to rectify these problems.
Computer Architecture & Organization
• Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
• Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms,
addressing techniques.
• e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?

• Organization is how features are implemented


• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
• Organization differs between different versions

• e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?


Structure
• A hierarchical set of interrelated sub system
• At each level system is consist of a set of components
• The way in which the components are interrelated
• Internal structure of a digital computer, encompassing the design and layout of its
instruction set and storage registers.

• Top to Bottom
• Bottom to Top
Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Login
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory
Function
• The operation of each individual component as part of the structure
• All computer functions are:

• Data processing

• Data storage

• Data movement

• Control
Functional View
Operations (a) Data movement
Operations (b) Storage
Operation (c) Processing from/to
storage
Operation (d) Processing from
storage to I/O

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