Reference:

Electronic Devices
Ninth Edition

Floyd

Lecture 4
Dr. Mona Sayed

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Electronics Engineering
Elements course

Chapter 2: Diodes and Applications

Objective :

To study:
Half wave rectifier
Full wave rectifier
Power supply filters and regulators

Reference:
Electronic Devices by Floyd

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Half-wave Rectifier

Conduct current in one direction and block current in the

other direction, diodes are used in circuits called rectifiers
that convert ac voltage into dc voltage.

Rectifiers are found in all dc power supplies that operate

from an ac voltage source.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Half-wave Rectifier
+ –

The diode conducts Vin + I

Vout

during the positive 0

t0 t1 t2
–
RL 0
t0 t1 t2

half cycle.
– +
It does not conduct I = 0A
– Vout
during the negative Vin
0
t0 t1 t2
RL 0
t0 t1 t2
half cycle. +

What is the output if the diode is reversed?

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Half-wave Rectifier

– +

– I
Vin Vout
0 RL 0
t0 t1 t2 t0 t1 t2
+

What is the output if the diode is reversed?

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary
Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output

The effect of the barrier potential on the half-wave rectified

output voltage is to reduce the peak value of the input by about
0.7 V
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary
Draw the output voltage for each rectifier

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Half-wave Rectifier
PIV at tp
The peak inverse
voltage (PIV) is – +
equal to the peak V 0
tp –
I=0

input voltage and is +

RL

the maximum
voltage across the -Vp(in)
diode when it is not
conducting.
Notice that the PIV can be found by applying Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law. The load voltage is 0 V, so the input voltage is across the
diode at tp.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary
Transformer Coupling
Transformer coupling provides two advantages. First, it allows the source
voltage to be stepped down as needed. Second, the ac source is electrically
isolated from the rectifier, thus preventing a shock hazard in the secondary
circuit.

The amount that the voltage is stepped down is determined by the turns
ratio of the transformer.
Turn ratio is “the number of turns in the secondary (Nsec) divided by the
number of turns in the primary (Npri).”

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary
Example

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary
Center-tapped
Full-wave Rectifier F D1
+ –

+
I

A center-tapped 0
Vin
–
Vout

0
+
transformer is used
+
RL
– –

with two diodes –

D2
+

that conduct on During the positive half-cycle, the upper diode is

forward-biased and the lower diode is reverse-biased.
alternating half- F
–
D1
+

cycles. –
V in V o ut
+
0 0
– +
RL
I –
+
+ –
D2

During the negative half-cycle, the lower diode is

forward-biased and the upper diode is reverse-biased.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary
Center-tapped
Full-wave Rectifier

The PIV can be

shown by applying
KVL around the
green loop shown
for the reverse-
biased diode.

Notice that one-half of the peak

secondary voltage will be across
the reverse-biased diode.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary
Example
(a) Show the output voltage
(b) What is the PIV

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

The Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier

F

The Bridge Full- I

D1
D3
Wave rectifier uses Vin
+ +

four diodes connected – –

D2 D4
RL
+
Vout 0
–
across the entire
Conduction path for the positive half-cycle.
secondary as shown.
F

I
D3 D1
– –
Vin
Ideally, what is the + +
D2 RL
+
Vout 0
D4
PIV equal to?
–

Conduction path for the negative half-cycle.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

The Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier

Determine the peak output voltage and current in the 3.3 kW load
resistor if Vsec = 24 Vrms. Use the practical diode model.

The peak output voltage is: F

V p ( sec ) 1.41Vrms 33.9 V

D3 D1

V p ( out ) V p ( sec )  1.4 V 120 V V(sec) =

24 Vrms
+
= 32.5 V D2 D4
RL
3.3 k W
Vp(out )
–

Applying Ohm’s law,

Ip(out) = 9.8 mA

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Power Supply Filters

Filtering is the process of smoothing the ripple from the rectifier.

Vin VOUT
Full-wave
0V
rectif ier Filter 0

(Ripple is exaggerated.)

The capacitor input filter is widely used. A half-wave rectifier and

capacitor-input filter are shown:

+
+
Vin VC RL
–
–

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary
Power Supply Filters

How is the ripple affected by the RC time constant?

+
+
Vin VC RL
–
–

A longer time constant will have less ripple for the same input
voltage and frequency.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary
Power Supply Filters
The ripple factor (r)

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Power Supply Regulators

A voltage regulator can furnish nearly constant output with excellent
ripple rejection. Three-terminal regulators are require only external
capacitors to complete the regulation portion of the circuit.

F1
T1
D3 D1
SW1 Voltage
regulator
D2 D4
+ +
C1 C2

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Power Supply Regulators

Regulation performance is specified in two ways. Line regulation
specifies how much the dc output changes for a given change in
regulator’s input voltage. The text formula is based on a dc input
voltage change to the regulator due to a change in the ac line voltage.
 VOUT 
Line regulation =   100%
  VIN 

Assume the dc input to a regulator changes by 1.0 V due to a

change in the ac line voltage. If the output changes by 1.5 mV due
to the change, what is the line regulation?

 VOUT   1.5 mV 
Line regulation =   100%   100%  0.15%
  VIN   1.0 V 

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Summary

Power Supply Regulators

Load regulation specifies how much change occurs in the output
voltage for a given range of load current values, usually from no load
(NL) to full load (FL).
 VNL  VFL 
Load regulation =   100%
 VFL 

Assume the dc output of a regulator changes from 5.00 V to 4.96 V

when the output is varies from no load to full load. What is the load
regulation?

 VNL  VFL   5.00 V  4.96 V 

Load regulation =   100%   100%  0.8 %
 VFL   4.96 V 

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Selected Key Terms
Rectifier An electronic circuit that converts ac into
pulsating dc; one part of a power supply.

Filter In a power supply, the capacitor used to reduce

the variation of the output voltage from a rectifier.

Regulator An electronic device or circuit that maintains

an essentially constant output voltage for a
range of input voltage or load values; one part
of a power supply.

Ripple Voltage The small variation in dc output voltage of

a filtered rectifier caused by charging and
discharging of the filter capacitor.
Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.
 Selected Key Terms
Line The change in output voltage of a regulator for
Regulation a given change in input voltage, normally
expressed as a percentage.

Load The change in output voltage of a regulator for a

Regulation given range of load currents, normally expressed
as a percentage.

Electronic Devices, 9th edition © 2012 Pearson Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458.
Thomas L. Floyd All rights reserved.