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Linear Accelerator Finalized

A linear accelerator (LINAC) is a device that accelerates charged particles using radiofrequency fields, crucial for medical treatments, particle physics research, and industrial processes. It operates by injecting electrons into RF cavities where they gain energy and are focused by magnetic elements before being directed to a target area. While LINACs offer advantages such as versatility and precision in medical applications, they also have disadvantages including space requirements and high energy consumption.

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1 views

Linear Accelerator Finalized

A linear accelerator (LINAC) is a device that accelerates charged particles using radiofrequency fields, crucial for medical treatments, particle physics research, and industrial processes. It operates by injecting electrons into RF cavities where they gain energy and are focused by magnetic elements before being directed to a target area. While LINACs offer advantages such as versatility and precision in medical applications, they also have disadvantages including space requirements and high energy consumption.

Uploaded by

ubaidafzal15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS

BAHAUDDIN ZAKARIYA UNIVERSITY, MULTAN

EXPERIMENTAL NUCLEAR PHYSICS


PHYS-409

COURSE INSTRUCTOR:
Mr. Asim Javed

26.02.2024
LINEAR
ACCELERATOR
(LINAC)

Presented By:
Adeesha Shahid
(ME - 22 - 18)
INTRODUCTION

• A linear accelerator is a device that accelerates charged particles, such as


electrons or protons, along a linear path using radiofrequency fields.
• It is a crucial tool for various applications, including medical treatments,
particle physics research, and industrial processes.
• A linear accelerator can be often shortened as LINAC.
• The principles for such machines were proposed by Gustav Ising in 1924,
while the first machine that worked was constructed by Rolf Widerøe in
1928.
• Furthermore, in 1931, American physicists Sloan and Lawrence also built a
LINAC in which they accelerated Hg ions.
PRINCIPLE OF LINAC
A linear accelerator operates on the principle of accelerating
charged particles along a linear path using alternating
radiofrequency electric fields.
As particles traverse through the linear structure, they gain
energy, achieving high speeds for applications in medical
treatments, research, and industrial processes.

RADIOFREQUENCY
Radiofrequency (RF) refers to the range of electromagnetic
frequencies above the audio range and below infrared light.
It typically covers the frequency range from about 3
kilohertz (kHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz).
CONSTRUCTION & WORKING OF LINAC

Electron Gun: The process begins with an electron gun that produces a beam of
electrons. These electrons serve as the particles to be accelerated.
Radiofrequency (RF) Cavities: The electrons are then injected into a series of
RF cavities. These cavities are resonant structures that apply an oscillating electric
field to accelerate the electrons as they pass through.
Waveguide System: A waveguide system is used to transfer the RF power from
the source to the accelerating structures. It ensures efficient transmission of the
electromagnetic waves.
Magnets and Focusing Elements: Magnetic elements are employed to focus
and steer the accelerated electron beam. Focusing elements, such as quadrupole
magnets, help maintain a collimated and focused beam.
Beam Monitoring and Control: Throughout the accelerator, various
monitoring devices are integrated to measure and control the
properties of the electron beam. These devices include detectors,
monitors, and feedback systems to ensure the beam's stability and
accuracy.
Beam Transport and Targeting: After acceleration, the high-energy
electron beam is transported to its intended target area. In medical
applications, for instance, it may be directed to a tumor for radiation
therapy.
Safety Systems: Linear accelerators also incorporate safety systems to
manage and mitigate potential hazards, including interlocks and
shielding to protect operators and the surrounding environment.
Schematic Representation Of LINAC
Visual Representation Of LINAC’s Working
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

If a proton having positive charge q is going to be accelerated, V is the peak value of


voltage of AC frequency applied to electrodes, then in each gap ions acquire energy
qV. If n number of drift tubes are used:

Total energy in n gaps = ½()


By equating two energies:
Let ion passing through nth drift tube having length L in time T:
T
As T = ½(F):
= ½ (F)
By putting the value of :
ADVANTAGES OF LINAC
• Versatility: LINACs are versatile and can accelerate a variety of charged particles, including
electrons and protons, making them applicable in various fields such as medicine, particle
physics, and industry.
• Precision in Medical Applications: In medical settings, LINACs are crucial for radiation
therapy, providing precise control over the delivery of high-energy beams to target tumors
while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
• Non-Invasive Treatment: LINAC-based radiation therapy is non-invasive, allowing for
targeted treatment without the need for surgical procedures.
• High Energy: LINACs can generate high-energy beams, which is essential for certain
scientific experiments and medical treatments that require penetrating power.
• Industrial Applications: LINACs are used in industrial processes, such as material testing
and sterilization, where high-energy beams are employed for specific applications.
DISADVANTAGES OF LINAC
• Space Requirements: LINACs often require significant physical space, making them
challenging to install in small facilities or urban environments.
• Complexity: LINACs are complex machines that require skilled personnel for operation,
maintenance, and troubleshooting. Training and expertise are crucial for safe and effective
use.
• Energy Consumption: Accelerating particles to high energies requires a considerable
amount of electrical power, contributing to high energy consumption and operating costs.
• Limited to Charged Particles: LINACs are primarily designed for charged particle
acceleration and may not be suitable for certain applications that require neutral particle
acceleration.
• Maintenance Downtime: Like any sophisticated machinery, LINACs require periodic
maintenance, and any downtime can impact their availability for treatments or
experiments.
THANKYOU!

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