Projectile

Motion
Objectives: After completing
this presentation, you should
be able to:
 Describe the motion of a projectile by
treating horizontal and vertical
components of its position and
velocity.
• Solve for position, velocity, or time
when given initial velocity and launch
angle.
 Projectile Motion
A projectile is a particle moving near
the Earth’s surface under the
influence of gravity only (directed
downward).

g
g g
a=g
Vertical and Horizontal
Motion
Simultaneously
dropping a yellow ball
and projecting a red ball
horizontally.
g g Why do they strike the
ground at the same
time?
Once
Once motion
motion has
has begun,
begun, thethe downward
downward
gravitational
gravitational force
force is
is the
the only
only force
force on
on
each
each ball.
ball.
Ball Projected Horizontally
and Another Dropped at
Same Time:
Vertical Motion is the Same for Each
Ball
vox
0s
vx
1s
vy vx vy
2s
vy vy
vx
3s
vy vy
Consider Horizontal and
Vertical Motion
Separately:
Compare Displacements and
Velocities
1s 2s 3s
0 s vox
0s
vx 1s
vy
vx
Horizontal velocity 2s
doesn’t change. vy vx
3s
Vertical velocity
just like free fall. vy
 Displacement Calculations for
Horizontal Projection:
2
For any constant x vot  1
2 at
acceleration:
For the special case of horizontal
projection:
a 0; a  g v 0; v v
x y oy ox o

Horizontal x vox t
displacement:
2
Vertical y  gt
1
2
displacement:
 Velocity Calculations for
Horizontal Projection (cont.):
For any constant
acceleration:
For the special case of a projectile:
ax 0; a y  g voy 0; vox vo

Horizontal velocity: vx vox

Vertical velocity:
Example 1: A baseball is hit with a
horizontal speed of 25 m/s. What
is its position and velocity after 2
s?
x
25 y
m/s

First find horizontal and vertical displacements:

x vox t (25 m/s)(2 s) xx =

= 50.0
50.0
mm
2 2 2
y  gt  ( 9.8 m/s )(2 s)
1
2
1
2
yy =
= -19.6
-19.6
m
m
 Example 1 Cont.): What are the
velocity components after 2 s?
25 m/s
vx
v0x = 25 m/s
v0y = 0 vy

Find horizontal and vertical velocity after 2 s:

vx vox (25 m/s) vvxx =
= 25.0
25.0
m/s
2m/s
v y voy  at 0  ( 9.8 m/s )(2 s)

vvyy =
= -19.6
-19.6
 Consider Projectile at an
Angle:
AA red
red ball
ball is
is projected
projected atat an angle qq.. At
an angle At the
the
same
same time,
time, aa yellow
yellow ball
ball is
is thrown
thrown
vertically
vertically upward
upward and and aa green
green ball
ball rolls
rolls
horizontally
horizontally (no(no friction).
friction).
vx = vox = constant

voy vo v y voy  at
2
q a  9.8 m/s
vox

Note vertical and horizontal motions of

balls
 Displacement Calculations For
General Projection:
The components of displacement at time t
are: 2
22
xx 
vvoxoxtt  aaxxtt
11
22
yy v t  11
a t
voyoy t  22 ayy t 2

Thus, the x vox t

displacement
2
components x and y y voy t  gt 1
2
for projectiles are:
 Velocity Calculations For
General Projection:
The components of velocity at time t
are:
vvxx 
vvoxox aaxxtt vvyy 
vvoyoy aayytt

Thus, the velocity vx vox constant

components vx and vy
for projectiles are: v y voy  gt
 Problem-Solving Strategy:
1. Resolve initial velocity vo into
components:
v vo
oy
q vvoxox  cos ;;
vvoo cos vvoyoy  sin
vvoo sin
vox
2. Find components of final position and
velocity:
Displacement: Velocity:
x vox t vx v0 x
2 2
y voy t  gt1
2 v y voy  gt
 Problem Strategy (Cont.):
3. The final position and velocity can be
found from the components.

R yy
y tan 
22 22
q RR 
 xx  yy ;; tan 
xx
x
voy vo vvyy
tan 
22 22
q vv 
 vv vv ;; tan
xx yy 
vvxx
vox

4. Use correct signs - remember g is

negative or positive depending on your
initial choice.
 Example 2: A ball has an initial
velocity of 160 ft/s at an angle of 30o
with horizontal. Find its position and
velocity after 2 s and after 4 s.
voy 160 ft/s

30ov
ox
 vvoxox  cos ;;
vvoo cos vvoyoy  sin
vvoo sin
voy 160 ft/s v (160 ft/s) cos 300 139 ft/s
ox
0
30ov voy (160 ft/s) sin 30 80.0 ft/s
ox

Since vx is constant, the horizontal

displacements after 2 and 4 seconds are:
x vox t (139 ft/s)(2 s) xx =
= 277
277 ft
ft
x vox t (139 ft/s)(4 s) xx =
= 554
554 ft
ft
 Example 2: (Continued)

voy 160 ft/s 2 4

s s
30ov
ox
277 ft 554
ft
Note: We know ONLY the horizontal
location after 2 and 4 s. We don’t know
whether it is on its way up or on its way
down.
xx22 =
= 277
277 ft
ft xx44 =
= 554
554 ft
ft
Example 2 (Cont.): Next we find the
vertical components of position after 2 s
and after 4 s.
voy= 80 ft/s g = -32 ft/s2
160 ft/s
y2
y4
q
0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
The vertical displacement as function of
2 time: 2 2
y voy t  2 gt (80 ft/s)t  2 ( 32 ft/s )t
1 1

22
yy  80tt  16
80 16tt Observe consistent
units.
(Cont.) Signs of y will indicate
location of displacement (above + or
below – origin).
voy= 80 ft/s g = -32 ft/s2
160 ft/s
96 ft y2
16 ft y4
q
0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
22
Vertical yy  80tt  16
80 16tt
position:
2 2
y2 80(2 s)  16(2 s) y4 80(4 s)  16(4 s)
yy22 
96
96 ftft yy44 
16
16 ftft Each above origin
(+)
(Cont.): Next we find horizontal and
vertical components of velocity after 2
and 4 s.

voy 160 ft/s v (160 ft/s) cos 300 139 ft/s

ox
0
30ov voy (160 ft/s) sin 30 80.0 ft/s
ox

Since
Since vvxx is
is constant,
constant, vvxx =
= 139
139 ft/s
ft/s at
at all
all
times.
times.
Vertical velocity is same as if vertically
projected: 2
v y voy  gt ; where g  32 ft/s
At any v y voy  (32 ft/s)t
vx 139 ft/s
time t:
 Example 2: (Continued)
vy= 80.0 v2 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s
v4
q
0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
At any v y voy  (32 ft/s)t
vx 139 ft/s
time t:

v y 80 ft/s  (32 ft/s)(2 s) vv2y = 16.0 ft/s

2y = 16.0 ft/s

v y 80 ft/s  (32 ft/s)(4 s) vv4y =

= -48.0
-48.0 ft/s
ft/s
4y
 Example 2: (Continued)
vy= 80.0 v2 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s Moving Moving
Up +16 down -48
ft/s ft/s v4
q
0 1 2 3 4
s s s s s
The signs of vy indicate whether motion
is up (+) or down (-) at any time t.
At
At 22 s:
s: vv2x = 139 ft/s; v 2y =
2x = 139 ft/s; v2y =++ 16.0
16.0
ft/s
ft/s
At
At 44 s:
s: vv4x
4x
=
= 139
139 ft/s;
ft/s; v
v 4y
4y
=
= -- 48.0
48.0 ft/s
ft/s
(Cont.): The displacement R2,q is found
from the x2 and y2 component
displacements.
t=2 y
R x y2 2
tan  
s x
R2 y2 = 96 ft
q
0 x2= 277 2 4
s ft s s
96 ft
R  (277 ft) 2  (96 ft) 2 tan  
277 ft
RR22 =
= 293
293 qq22 = 19.1
= 19.1 00

ft
ft
(Cont.): Similarly, displacement R4,q is
found from the x4 and y4 component
displacements.
t=4 y
R x y2 2
tan  
s x
R4
y4 = 64
q
ft
0 x4= 554 4
s ft s
2 2 64 ft
R  (554 ft)  (64 ft) tan  
554 ft
RR44 =
= 558
558 qq44 = 6.59
= 6.59 00

ft
ft
 (Cont.): Now we find the velocity
after 2 s from the components vx
and vy.
voy= 80.0 v2 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s Moving v2x = 139 ft/s
Up +16
ft/s v2y = + 16.0 ft/s
q
0 2
s s
2 2 16 ft
v2  (139 ft/s)  (16 ft/s) tan  
139 ft
vv22 =
= 140
140 ft/s
ft/s qq22 =
= 6.56
6.5600
(Cont.) Next, we find the velocity
after 4 s from the components v4x
and v4y.
voy= 80.0 g = -32 ft/s2
ft/s
160 ft/s v4x = 139 ft/s
v4y = - 48.0 ft/s v4
q
0 4
s s

vv44 =
= -147
-147
qq44 =
= -19.05
-19.05
ft/s
ft/s
Example 3: What are maximum height
and range of a projectile if vo = 28 m/s
at 300?
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
vy = 0 ymax v = + 14 m/s
oy
30ov
ox

0
vox (28 m/s) cos 30 24.2 m/s
0
voy (28 m/s) sin 30 14 m/s
Maximum y-coordinate occurs when vy =
0: v y voy  gt 14 m/s  (  9.8 m/s 2 )t 0
ymax occurs when 14 – 9.8t = 0 or t =
Example 3(Cont.): What is maximum
height of the projectile if v = 28 m/s at
300?
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
vy = 0 ymax v = + 14 m/s
oy
30ov
ox

Maximum y-coordinate occurs when t =

1.43 s: 1 2 2
y voy t  2 gt 14(1.43)  2 ( 9.8)(1.43)
1

y 20 m  10 m yymax = 10.0

max= 10.0
mm
Example 3(Cont.): Next, we find the
range of the projectile if v = 28 m/s at
300.
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
voy = + 14 m/s
30o vox
Range xr
The range xr is defined as horizontal
distance coinciding with the time for
vertical
The timereturn.
of flight is found by setting y
=2 0:
y voy t  gt 0
1
2
(continued
)
Example 3(Cont.): First we find the
time of flight tr, then the range xr.

voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s

voy = + 14 m/s
30o vox
Range xr
2
y voy t  gt 0
1
2
(Divide by t)
voy 2(14 m/s)
voy  gt 0;
1
2
t  2
; t 2.86 s
 g -(-9.8 m/s )

xr = voxt = (24.2 m/s)(2.86 xxrr =

= 69.2
69.2
s); m
m
Example 4. Find the “hang time” for the
football whose initial velocity is 25 m/s,
600.
y = 0; a = -9.8 Initial vo:
vo =25 m/s m/s2 vox = vo cos q
Time of
600
flight t voy = vo sin q
Example 4. Find the “hang time” for the
football whose initial velocity is 25 m/s,
600.
y = 0; a = -9.8 Initial vo:
vo =25 m/s m/s2 vox = vo cos q
Time of
600
flight t voy = vo sin q

Vox = (25 m/s) cos 600; vox = 12.5

m/s 0
Voy = (25 m/s) sin 60 ; vox = 21.7
m/s
Only vertical parameters affect hang
2 time. 2
y voy t  2 at ; 0 (21.7)t  2 ( 9.8)t
1 1
Example 4 (Cont.) Find the “hang time” for
the football whose initial velocity is 25 m/s,
600.
y = 0; a = -9.8 Initial vo:
vo =25 m/s m/s2 vox = vo cos q
Time of
600
flight t voy = vo sin q
2 2
y voy t  at ; 0 (21.7)t  ( 9.8)t
1
2
1
2

4.9 t2 = 21.7 t 4.9 t = 21.7

21.7 m/s
t tt =
= 4.42
4.42 ss
4.9 m/s 2
 Example 5. A running dog leaps with
initial velocity of 11 m/s at 300. What is
the range?
Draw figure and voy = 11 sin
find 300
v = 11
components: m/s
vox = 9.53 m/s
q =30
0

voy = 5.50 m/s vox = 11 cos

300
To find range, first find t when y = 0; a = -9.8
2 m/s2 2
y voy t  2 at ; 0 (5.50)t  2 ( 9.8)t
1 1

4.9 t2 = 5.50 t 5.50 m/s

t 2 tt =
= 1.12
1.12 ss
4.9 t = 5.50 4.9 m/s
 Example 5 (Cont.) A dog leaps with
initial velocity of 11 m/s at 300. What is
the range?
Range is found voy = 10 sin
from x- 310
component: v = 10
vx = vox = 9.53 m/s
m/s q =310
x = vxt; t = 1.12 vox = 10 cos
s 310

Horizontal velocity is constant: vx = 9.53 m/s

x = (9.53 m/s)(1.12 s) = 10.7 m

Range:
Range: xx =
= 10.7
10.7
m
m