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Physics 100 Chapt 5

The document discusses the concepts of work and energy in physics, including the definitions of work, kinetic energy, and gravitational potential energy. It explains the Work-Energy Theorem, conservation of energy, and the differences between conservative and dissipative forces. Additionally, it covers practical applications of these concepts, such as free fall, pendulums, and energy conversion in various scenarios.

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Dr.Rami Hamid
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

Physics 100 Chapt 5

The document discusses the concepts of work and energy in physics, including the definitions of work, kinetic energy, and gravitational potential energy. It explains the Work-Energy Theorem, conservation of energy, and the differences between conservative and dissipative forces. Additionally, it covers practical applications of these concepts, such as free fall, pendulums, and energy conversion in various scenarios.

Uploaded by

Dr.Rami Hamid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Work and Energy

Physics 100 Chapt 5


Physicist’s definition of
“work”

(n A dist∥
ot sc
a ala
ve r
ct
or dist
)

Work = F x dist∥
Atlas holds up the Earth
But he doesn’t
move, dist∥ = 0

Work= Fx dist∥ = 0

He doesn’t do any work!


Garcon does work when
he picks up the tray

but not while he


carries it around
the room

dist is not zero,


but dist∥ is 0
or
t n
Why this definition? ve atio
c
A u
eq
Newton’s 2nd law: F=m a
A
eq sc Definition of
ua ala work
tio r
n + a little
calculus
Work= change in
½mv2
This scalar quantity is given
a special name: kinetic energy
Work = change in
KE

This is called:

the Work-Energy Theorem


Units again…

Kinetic Energy =
½mv2
k m 2

g s2
work = F x same!
dist∥ =1Joule
m
N m =k 2 m
g s
Work done by gravity
en
d

start
dist dist∥
change in
vertical
W=mg height

Work = F x dist∥
= -mg x change in height
= -change in mg h
Gravitational Potential
Energy
Workgrav = -change in mgh

This is called:
“Gravitational Potential
Energy” (or PEgrav)

change
Work grav in PEgrav = -in PEgrav
= -change
Workgrav
If gravity is the only force
doing work….
Work-energy theorem:

-change in mgh = change in ½ mv2

0 = change in mgh + change in ½ mv

change in (mgh + ½ mv2) = 0

mgh + ½ mv2 = constant


Conservation of energy

mgh + ½ mv2 = constant


Gravitational Kinetic energy
Potential energy

If gravity is the only force that does work:


PE + KE = constant

Energy is conserved
Free fall
height
(reminder)
t = 0s 80m
V0 = 0

t = 1s 75m

V1 = 10m/s
60m
t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s

t = 3s 35m
V3 = 30m/s

t = 4s
0m
V4 = 40m/s
m=1kg free falls from
80m mgh ½ mv sum 2
t = 0s
V0 = 0 h0=80m 800J 0 800J
t = 1s
V1 = 10m/s; h1=75m 750J 50J 800J

t = 2s
V2 = 20m/s; h2=60m 600J 200J 800J

t = 3s
V3 = 30m/s; h3=35m 350J 450J 800J

t = 4s
V4 = 40m/s; h4=0 0 800J 800J
pendulum

W=mg

Two forces: T and W

T is always to the motion


┴
Pendulum conserves
energy
E=mghmax
E=mghmax

hmax

E=1/2 m(vmax)2
Roller coaster
Work done by a spring
Relaxed
Position
F=0

x
F
I compress
the spring

(I do + work;
spring does
-work)
Work done by spring = - change in ½ kx2
Spring Potential Energy

Workspring = -change in ½ kx2

This is the:
“Spring’s Potential
Energy” (or PEspring)

Workspring = -change in PEspring


change in PEspring = -
If spring is the only force
doing work….
Work-energy theorem:

-change in ½ kx2 = change in ½ mv2

0 = change in ½ kx2 + change in ½ mv2

change in ( ½ kx2 + ½ mv2) = 0

½ kx2 + ½ mv2 = constant


Conservation of energy
springs & gravity

mgh + ½ kx2 + ½ mv2 = constan


Gravitational spring Kinetic energy
potential energy
potential energy

If elastic force & gravity are the only force doing work
PEgrav + PEspring + KE = constant

Energy is conserved
example

grav PE

KineticE

Spring PE
Two types of forces:

“Conservative” “Dissipative”
forces forces
forces that do + & – forces that only do –
work work

•Gravity •Friction

•Elastic (springs, etc) •Viscosity

•Electrical forces •….


-work  heat
-work  (no potential
•… energy.)
change in PE
(-)Work done by
frictionheat
Thermal atomic motion
Air solid

Heat energy= KE and PE associated with


the random thermal motion of atoms
Work-energy theorem
(all forces)
Workfric = change in (PE+KE)
Work potential energy Kinetic
done From all
dissipativ energy
Conservative forces
e
Forces
-Work
Work
(always -)
fric
fric == change
-change in
in heat
heat energy
energy

-change in Heat Energy =


change in (PE+KE)
Work – Energy Theorem
(all forces)
0= change in Heat Energy +
change in (PE+KE)
0= change in (Heat Energy+PE+KE

Heat Energy + PE + KE = constan

aw of Conservation of Energy
Energy conversion while
skiing
Potential energy

Potential energykinetic energy

Friction: energy gets


converted to heat
Units again
eat units:
calorie = heat energy required to raise th
temp of 1 gram of H2O by 1o C
Kg m2/s2

1 calorie= 4.18 Joules


Food Calories
1 Calorie = 1000 calories =
1Kcalorie
The Calories you read on food labels

1 Calorie= 4.18x103 Joules

7 x 106 J

8 x 105 J 2 x 106 J
Power
amout of energy
Rate of using energy: Power = elapsed time

Joule
Units: 1 second =1
Watt

A 100 W light bulb


consumes 100 J of
electrical energy each
second to produce light
Other units

Over a full day, a work-horse


can
have an average work output
of more than 750 Joules each
second

1 Horsepower = 750 Watts


Kilowatt hours
energy
Power = time  energy = power x time

 power unit x time unit = energy unit

Elec companies use:Kilowatts


(103 W)
x
hours
(3600 s)

1 kilowatt-hour = 1kW-hr

= 103 W x 3.6x103 s = 3.6x106 Ws


J

HECO charges us about 15 cents /kW-hr

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