WHAT IS

RESEARCH?
Research is a systematic
investigation to find answers to a
problem.
THE IMPORTANCE
OF RESEARCH
1. Research adds to our knowledge
2. Research improves practice
3. Research improves policy
debates
4. Research builds students
research skills
CHARACTERISTICS
OF RESEARCH
1. Empirical. Research
is based on direct
experience or
observation of the
researcher.
2. Logical. Research is
based on valid
procedures and
principles.
3. Cyclical. Research
process starts with a
problem and ends with
a problem.
4. Analytical.
Research involves
investigating the
components of the
gathered data.
5. Critical. Research
exhibits careful and
precise judgment.
6. Methodical.
Research is conducted
based on a process.
7. Replicability. The
research design and
procedures are replicated
or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid
and conclusive results.
ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
 Ethics generally are considered
to deal with beliefs about what is
right or wrong, proper or improper,
good or bad. According to a
dictionary definition (Webster’s
1968); to be ethical is to conform
to accepted professional
practice.
1. Evaluate ethical
acceptability.
2. Honor research sites.
3. Inform the participants
of the nature of the study.
4. Clarify the obligation
and responsibilities of
the researcher and the
participant.
5. Respect the
individual’s freedom to
decline in participating
in or withdrawal from
the research.
6. Protect the
participants from
physical and mental
discomfort, harm, and
danger that may arise.
7. Remove or detect negative
long-term effects.
8. Keep the data confidential.
9. Report research fully and
honestly.
Activity 1
Interview your classmate or a friend about their plans
after senior high school. Ask them how research played a
major role in their chosen track or strand. Make a report
about it and share it to your teacher. Write your report
using a narrative format. Make use of the notes you wrote
down before and after you conducted your interview to
flesh out the report. The first is the brief detail about what
the report is, who is the interviewee and the location of
the interview. Then break up the interview into
paragraphs, like narrating a story and finally a conclusion
paragraph to end your report.
 QUANTITATIVE
VS. QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
When collecting and analyzing
data, quantitative research deals
with numbers and statistics, while
qualitative research deals with
words and meanings. Both are
important for gaining different
kinds of knowledge (Streefkerk,
ed. 2020).
Use quantitative research if you want
to confirm or test something (a theory
or hypothesis)

Use qualitative research if you want to

understand something (concepts,
thoughts, experiences)
For most research topics you can
choose a qualitative, quantitative
or mixed methods approach.
Consider the following
approaches:
Quantitative research approach
You survey 300 students at your school and ask
them questions such as: “on a scale from 1-5,
how satisfied are you with your teachers?”
You can perform statistical analysis on the data
and draw conclusions such as: “on average
students rated their professors 4.4”.
Qualitative research approach
You conduct in-depth interviews with 15
students and ask them open-ended
questions such as: “How satisfied are you
with your studies?”, “What is the most
positive aspect of your study program?”
and “What can be done to improve the
study program?”
Mixed methods approach
You conduct interviews to find out how satisfied
students are with their studies.

Through open-ended questions you learn things

you never thought about before and gain new
insights. Later, you use a survey to test these
insights on a larger scale.
Suggested Research Topics
1. What are different learning disabilities?
2. Is physical attraction good?
3. What leads to depression in a person?
4. What are the good and bad effects of political
scandals?
5. Role of media for educational purposes.
6. The best prevention for child abuse.
7. Gambling v/s online gaming.
8. What is the necessity of the death
penalty?
9. Do you think that older people are
always right?
10. Discuss family relationships.
For more topics, you may browse
the following site:

https://www.studentsassignmenth
elp.com/researchtopics/qualitative/
 QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH AND ITS
IMPORTANCE IN DAILY
LIFE
 Qualitative research is the
collection, analysis, and interpretation
of comprehensive narrative data in
order to gain insights into a
phenomenon of interest (Bueno,
2017). It is very useful for describing
and answering questions about
participants and contexts.
 The purpose of qualitative
research is to promote a deep, holistic
understanding of a phenomenon. It
provides insight into the complexity of
common occurrences. It also provides
specific concrete details to guide
understanding in a setting (Bueno,
2017).
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Qualitative research can be characterized
by at least ten overlapping themes that
researchers should be aware of when
collecting and analyzing data. In qualitative
study, Patton (1980) discussed these
characteristics to help researchers design
studies. These characteristics are explained
below based on Balester's (1993) text, as
cited by Constable and his colleagues
(2012).
Naturalistic Inquiry
Qualitative observational research is
naturalistic because it studies a group in
its natural setting. Patton explained that
“Naturalistic inquiry is thus contrasted to
experimental research where the
investigator attempts to completely
control the condition of the study”
Inductive analysis
This characteristic is prevalent in
qualitative research because it allows the
observer to become immersed in a group. The
researcher starts with answers but forms
questions throughout the research process.
Hypotheses and theories can continuously
change depending on what the observer wants
to know.
Holistic perspective
Patton stated, “a holistic approach assumes that
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”. In
other words, almost every action or communication
must be taken as a part of the whole phenomenon of
a certain community or culture. However, this
characteristic of qualitative, observational research
can be bothersome because it can lead researchers
into taking every little action into consideration when
writing a narrative.
Personal contact and insight
The researcher is responsible for
becoming a part of a group to get a
more in-depth study. However, the
researcher also has to be aware of
biases (both good and bad).
Unique case orientation
Researchers must remember that
every study is special and deserves
in-depth attention. This is especially
necessary for doing cultural
comparisons.
Context sensitivity
Researchers must realize the
different variables, such as values and
beliefs, that influence cultural
behaviors.
Empathic neutrality
Ideally, researchers should be non-
judgmental when compiling findings.
Because complete neutrality is
impossible, this characteristic is a
controversial aspect of qualitative
research.
Design flexibility
Researchers can continue to do
research on other topics or questions
that emerge from the initial research.
Qualitative data
This is a
description of why a culture is the way it is.
Triangulation or the use of many data-
gathering methods, such as field notes,
interviews, writing samples, and other data,
helps determine the cultural phenomenon
of a group.
Strengths and Weaknesses of
Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is primarily
interpretative and ethnographic in nature. This
kind of research approach requires explanation
and detailed observation, and it assumes that
it is impossible to define precisely what
elements are essential and crucial and should
be considered to the exclusion of others
(Atieno, 2009).
Types of Qualitative Research
Qualitative research methods typically include
interviews and observations, but may also include
case studies, surveys, and historical and document
analyses. Qualitative research is an umbrella term
used to refer to the theoretical perspective designs,
such as: narrative, phenomenology, grounded
theory, action research, case study, ethnography,
historical research, and content analysis (Creswell,
2009).
Narrative Research
It is a method that includes the analysis of the
characteristics of the narrative text, and recently of the
meaning of interhuman relations in social, historical, and
cultural contexts (Felton & Stickley, 2018). It focuses on
people’s narratives either about themselves or a set of
events. Instead of looking for themes that emerge from an
account, it concentrates on the sequential unfolding of
someone’s story, so there is an emphasis on characters. It
is time consuming and usually includes a very small
number of cases (Hancock et al., 2009)
Example Topic:

Life of a COVID Survivor

Life of a War Veteran
Life of a Genius Student
Phenomenological Research
The meaning of the phenomenon is
conceptualized in the interior of the individual’s
awareness. Phenomenology is an approach to
explore people’s everyday life experience. It is
used when the study is about the life experiences
of a concept or phenomenon experienced by one
or more individuals. A phenomenological
researcher investigates subjective phenomena
(Creswell, 2009).
Example Topic:
Experiences of Essential Workers
Amidst Covid-19
Experiences of Vaccinated Residents
Experiences of Students in Modular
Distance Learning
Grounded Theory
This is an approach to theory
development grounded/rooted in the
data rather than empirical testing of
the theory, that is, data are collected
and analyzed, and then a theory is
developed which is grounded in the
data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967).
Example Topic:

Grade School Chainsmokers

Separated Couples
Action Research
Action research is an emergent
inquiry process that integrates theory
and action to couple scientific knowledge
with existing organizational knowledge
and to address real organizational
problems together with the people of the
system under inquiry (Coghlan, 2011).
Example Topic:

ICARE PROJECT: (Integrating

Comprehension Activity for
Reading Enhancement)
Case Study
Creswell (2009) defined it as a study where
“Researcher makes an in-depth exploration of a
program, an event, an activity, a process, or
one or more individuals”. The structure of a
case study should be the problem, the context,
the issues, and the lessons learned (Creswell,
2014). Hence, it is a comprehensive description
of an individual case and its analysis.
Example Topic:

Case Study about Non-Readers

in Junior High School
Case Study about Children in a
Broken Home
Ethnographical Research.
Ethnographic observation is the most intensive and in-
depth observational qualitative approach. The word
ethnography comes from Greek ethnos which means ‘folk,
people, and nation’, and grapho means ‘I write’. Therefore,
ethnography has a setting in anthropology, which means
‘portrait of a people’. It represents an approach in which the
researcher engages in prolonged observations from the
group’s everyday life. In this type of research, behaviors,
values, and interactions among the members of the group are
deeply studied, described, and interpreted by the researcher
(Creswell, 2014).
Example Topic:

The Mamanwa Tribe in Las

Navas, Northern Samar
The Kankaneys of Dalipay,
Batangas, Benguet
Historical Research
Historical research is one of the methods to describe
how and where the study started, how it is developed during
time, and where it stands at present. Kerlinger (1972)
defined historical research as “Critical investigation of
events, development, and experiences of the past, careful
consideration of past testimonies from the perspective of
information sources validity, and subsequent interpretation
of the concerned testimonies.” Historical research seeks not
only to discover the events of the past but also to relate
these past happenings to the present and to the future.
Example Topic:
The fundamentals of the Barrio
Government System
The origins of the name the
Philippines
Communist Party of the Philippines
Content Analysis
Content analysis is “a detailed and
systematic examination of the contents of a
particular body of materials for the purpose
of identifying patterns, themes, or biases.” It
was first used as a method for analyzing
hymns, newspapers and magazines, articles,
advertisements, and political speeches in the
19th century (Harwood & Garry, 2003).
Content Analysis

Research Titles

A Discourse Analysis on the

Impact of Modern Technology
on Communication
Importance of Qualitative
Research
Qualitative research mainly
investigates the relationships between
individuals and the institutions and society
in which they live using a diverse range of
approaches (Islam & Faruque, 2016). It
allows the researcher the flexibility to probe
initial participant responses.
Importance of Qualitative
Research
The Qualitative Research
Consultants Association (2015)
explained the importance of
qualitative research in terms of how
and what situations it can be used and
when we do not expect from
qualitative research.
Importance of Qualitative
Research
◦It helps develop hypotheses for further
testing and for qualitative questionnaire
development.
oIt helps understand the feelings, values,
and perceptions that underlie and
influence behavior.
◦ It helps identify customer need
Importance of Qualitative
Research
◦ It helps capture the language and imagery
that customers use to describe and relate to a
product, service, brand, etc.
◦It helps to perceive marketing/communication
messages.
◦It helps to obtain information in quantitative
study and to better understand the
context/meaning of the data.
Importance of Qualitative
Research
◦ It helps generate ideas for
improvements and/or extensions of a
product, line, or brand.
◦ It helps uncover potential strategic
directions for branding or
communications programs.
Make a research title relevant
to your chosen track of
specialization.

What type of qualitative research

methodology are you going to
use? Explain briefly.
Research Title
Perception of…
The impacts of
The effects of
Experience
The implication of…
Dissecting the causes of…
Challenges of…
5-15 WORDS IN LENGTH

5 PARTS OF RESEARCH TITLE:

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE/TOPIC
DEPENDENT VARIABLES/SAMPLES
LOCALE/SETTING
RESEARCH GOAL/RESULT
METHODOLOGY
Use short bond paper, font size 12,
font style Times New Roman,
doubled space, 1 ½ inch left and 1
inch right, top and bottom
indention.
RESEARCH TITLE SAMPLE:
1. THROUGH THEIR FATHER’S EYES: DISCLOSING THE LIVED
EXPERIENCES OF FATHERS WITH GAY SONS IN ALLEN, NORTHERN
SAMAR
2. PINAGTAGPO NGUNIT HINDI TINADHANA: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF
LONG-TERM COUPLES WHO DID NOT END UP WITH EACH OTHER
3. UNTOLD STORY OF A BULLY: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF BULLIES IN
ALLEN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
4. PERCEPTIONS ON COVID-19 VACCINES OF RESIDENTS IN ALLEN,
NORTHERN SAMAR
5. THE FIVE COMMON FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE OF ABIS-SHS STUDENTS IN THE NEW NORMAL: A
QUALITATIVE REPORT
PROPOSAL DEFENSE
1. TITLE AND SOP
2. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
3. RELEVANT THEORIES
4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
5. RESEARCH DESIGN
6. RESPONDENTS
7. INSTRUMENTS
ATTIRE (FORMAL)
WRITER OF COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS
INTRODUCE THE MEMBERS OF THE PANEL
TIME BOUND
QUESTION AND ANSWER PORTION
YOU SHOULD KNOW BEFOREHAND IF SIN O MA
ANSWER KA QUESTION
AFTER DEFENSE
APPROVAL SHEET
REVISIONS
 IDENTIFYING THE
INQUIRY AND STATING
THE PROBLEM
How to start a research study?
You can start your study by considering the
following (Barbour, R. 2014):
1.The most important element that defines the
research problem.
2.It is usually read first and the most read part of
the research.
3.It contains the least words enough to describe the
contents and the purpose of your research paper
How to start a research study?
4. It can be revised any and many times as the
research develops and reach its final phase. It
becomes final on its final defense before the
panel of judges.
A part of a research title has
the following information:
1.The subject matter or topic to be investigated.
(“What?”)
2. The place or locale where the research is to be
conducted. (“Where?”)
3.The population like the respondents’
interviewees. (“Who”?)
4.The time period of the study during which the
data are to be collected. (“When”?)
Rules in Choosing a Research
Topic
1. Interest in the subject matter. An
interest in a subject drives you to
research, investigate, or inquire about it
with full motivation, enthusiasm, and
energy.
Rules in Choosing a Research
Topic
2. Availability of information. Information will serve as
evidence to support your claims about your subject matter
from varied forms of literature like books, journals, and
newspapers, among others, is a part and parcel of any
research work.
What to include in the investigation of the available
materials?
a. Update and authority of the materials.
b. Copyright dates of the materials? Are they new or old?
c. Expert or qualification of the writers of reading materials
about your topic
Rules in Choosing a Research
Topic
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic a.
How relevant is the chosen topic? The
topic should be related to the present.
(Except for pure or historical research
Rules in Choosing a Research
Topic
4. Limitations on the subject. Connect your
choice with course requirements. You need
to decide on one topic to finish your
course.
Rules in Choosing a Research
Topic
5. Personal resources. Do an assessment on
your research abilities in terms of your
financial standing, health condition, mental
capacity, needed facilities, and time schedule
to enable you to complete your research. You
have to raise an amount of money needed to
spend on questionnaire printing and interview
trips.
Research Topics to be avoided
in developing your study
1. Any controversial topics because it depends
more on the writer’s opinion leading to
biases. Facts cannot support this topic.
2. Highly technical subjects are not advisable
for beginners as these topics require an
advanced study, technical knowledge, and
skills
Research Topics to be avoided
in developing your study
3. Hard-to-investigate subjects that happens if
there are no available reading materials about
it and if such materials are not up-to-date.
4. Too broad subjects that prevent you from to
focus on the subject matter of the paper.
Narrow down or limit the subject to eliminate
the problem.
Research Topics to be avoided
in developing your study
5. Too narrow subjects that are so
limited where an extensive searching
is necessary.
6. Vague subjects. The subject/focus
of the study should be specific
Sources of Research Topics
1. Mass media communication – press
(newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.
2. Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals,
government publications
3. Professional periodicals like College English
Language Teaching Forum, English Forum, the
Economist, Academia, Business Circle, Law
Review, etc.
Sources of Research Topics
4. General periodicals such as Readers’ Digest,
Women’s Magazine, Panorama Magazine, Time
Magazine, World Mission Magazine, etc.
5. Previous reading assignments in your other
subjects, work experience – clues to a
researchable topic from full-time or part-time
jobs, experience, fieldwork, etc.
What is the scope of a study?
It is the coverage of the research to be
explored which includes the facts and
theories about the subject.
Example: A study on the influence of
social networking on the attitude of
senior high school learners.
What is the scope of a study?
It is not possible to cover all aspects
of the selected subject. The scope
will have to be restricted to a
specific section of the target
population over a specified duration.
What is the Delimitation of a
Study?
Delimitation limits the scope and
outlines the boundaries of the
study. These limitations include the
following:
What is the Delimitation of a
Study?
1. Sample size.
a. The research design and method will
determine whether if it is small or large
sample size.
b. The sample size will determine the quality
of data and the relationships that will be
identified among the variables.
What is the Delimitation of a
Study?
2. Lack of available and/or reliable
data. This will limit the scope of
analysis and the ability of the
researcher to determine meaningful
trends and relationships among the
data.
What is the Delimitation of a
Study?
3. Lack of prior studies. This will limit the
effectiveness of the literature review and
initial understanding of the research.
4. Chosen data collection method. The
quality of data collected must be clear to
avoid erroneous answers from the
respondents.
What is the Delimitation of a
Study?
5. Nature of the information collected.
Researcher should not rely on preexisting
data.
6. Access. The amount and quality of
available data will depend on the ability of
the researcher to access people,
organizations, libraries, and documents.
What is the Delimitation of a
Study?
7. Time period. It is advisable to select a
research problem and design
8. The researcher must focus only to
the problem, should be neutral and
avoid his or her personal biases.
What is the Delimitation of a
Study?
9. Language. This may have an
effect on data collection, especially
if the researcher is involved with
respondents that speak a variety of
languages.
Presenting Written Statement of
the Problem
The following sections compose the
presentation of the written statement of the
problem (Barbour, R. 2014):
1. Introduction. States briefly the background
of the study and identifies the rationale of the
research problem. It begins with a general
statement of the problem, outlines the specific
problem or issue within the existing literature.
Presenting Written Statement of
the Problem
2. Statement of the problem. It states
clearly the purposes or interest of the
study, poses specific questions about
research problem.
3. Scope and Delimitation. Sets the
boundaries and parameters of the study,
narrows the scope of the inquiry.
Presenting Written Statement of
the Problem
4. Significance of the Study. It shows
the benefits of the study to address
issues and problems, in improving
economic and health conditions or
even finding solutions to problems
encountered in daily life.
LEARNING FROM
OTHERS AND
REVIEWING THE
LITERATURE
 REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE (RRL)
Review of Related Literature (RRL)
discusses published information in a
particular subject area, and
sometimes information in a particular
subject area within a certain time
period (Ramdhani, A., Ramdhani, M.,
& Amin, A., 2014).
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE (RRL)
It is a survey of scholarly articles,
books and other sources relevant to a
particular issue, area of research, or
theory, and by so doing, providing a
description, summary, and critical
evaluation of these works.
(libguides.usc.edu, n.d.)
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE (RRL)
It describes the content and quality
of knowledge already available, and
readily presents the reader the
significance of previous work (Okoli
& Schabram, 2010)
How to write a concise review
of related literature?
Doing the review of related literature is
not the usual enumeration of
references. Presentation of the data
gathered should be by topic based on
the given objectives of the research.
The literature should not be too
detailed or brief.
How to write a concise review
of related literature?
Text should be based on the current
edition of the American Psychological
Association (APA), Modern Language
Association of America (MLA) or the
Chicago Manual of Style and other
standards relevant to one’s discipline
(Ridley, 2012).
The type of reference style will depend on
the research studies of the student
namely:
1. APA: Psychology, Education and other
Social Sciences;
The APA referencing style is also called
the "author-date" style. The text citation
contains the author/s and the year of
publication. Use only the surname of the
author(s) followed by a comma and the year
of publication.
The type of reference style will depend on
the research studies of the student
namely:
Example:
I Am a Filipino is a descriptive essay which creates
a main impression, an over-all effect, feeling, or
image of a Filipino (Macajelos, 2014, 247).
Or
(Macajelos, 2014) stated that “I Am a Filipino is a
descriptive essay which creates a main impression,
an over-all effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino.
The type of reference style will depend on
the research studies of the student
namely:
What will appear in the
bibliography are the following:
Macajelos, Esteria. 2014. English of
the New Generation. Quezon
City: Sunshine Interlinks Publishing
House Incorporated.
The type of reference style will depend on
the research studies of the student
namely:
2. MLA: Arts and Humanities;
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text
citation. This means that the author's last name and the
page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase
is taken must appear in the text, and a complete
reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The
author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or
in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but
the page 5 number(s) should always appear in the
parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
The type of reference style will depend on
the research studies of the student
namely:
2. MLA: Arts and Humanities;
MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text
citation. This means that the author's last name and the
page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase
is taken must appear in the text, and a complete
reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The
author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or
in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but
the page 5 number(s) should always appear in the
parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
The type of reference style will depend on
the research studies of the student
namely:
Example:
Macajelos stated that “I Am a
Filipino is a descriptive essay which
creates a main impression, an over-
all effect, feeling, or image of a
Filipino” (249).
The type of reference style will depend on
the research studies of the student
namely:
What will appear in the
bibliography are the following:
Macajelos, Esteria. English of the
New Generation. Quezon City:
Sunshine Interlinks Publishing
House Incorporated, 2014.
The type of reference style will depend on
the research studies of the student
namely:
3. Chicago: History and many other
subjects in scholarly and
nonscholarly work.
The type of reference style will depend on
the research studies of the student
namely:
Example:
Macajelos (2014, 249) stated that: I
Am a Filipino is a descriptive essay
which creates a main impression,
an over-all effect, feeling, or image
of a Filipino.
The type of reference style will depend on
the research studies of the student
namely:
What will appear in the
bibliography are the following:
Macajelos, Esteria. English of the
New Generation. Quezon City:
Sunshine Interlinks Publishing
House Incorporated, 2014.
Why do I need to cite?
To uphold the intellectual property and avoiding
plagiarism should be observed in the research
work. To attribute the prior or unoriginal work and
ideas to the correct sources is also needed and
allowing the readers to determine independently
whether the reference materials support the
author's argument in the claimed way and helping
the reader gauge the strength and validity of the
material that the author had used.
Ethical Standard in Writing Related
Literature
Research ethics are standardized rule that
guide the design to conduct research. The
term ethics refers to questions of right or
wrong. When researchers think about
ethics, they must also ask themselves if it
is right to conduct a particular study or
carry out certain procedures (Ridley, 2012).
Ethical Standard in Writing Related
Literature

What is Plagiarism? It is committed

when authors present the words, data
or ideas of others with the implication
that they are their own without
attribution. This act is against the
intellectual property right law. It is a
form of research misconduct.
LEARNING FROM
OTHERS AND
REVIEWING THE
LITERATURE