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Powerpoint for Exercise 6 (1)

The document provides an overview of muscular tissue, detailing the three types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. It describes the characteristics, functions, and structural differences of each muscle type, including their control mechanisms and cellular composition. Additionally, it includes a procedure for observing muscle types microscopically and answers common questions related to muscle structure and function.

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3 views

Powerpoint for Exercise 6 (1)

The document provides an overview of muscular tissue, detailing the three types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. It describes the characteristics, functions, and structural differences of each muscle type, including their control mechanisms and cellular composition. Additionally, it includes a procedure for observing muscle types microscopically and answers common questions related to muscle structure and function.

Uploaded by

vinxeee212
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exercise -14

Muscular Tissue
Definition of Muscle
 a band or bundle of fibrous tissue
 ability to contract
 producing movement
Types of Muscle
1. Skeletal or striated muscles
2. Cardiac muscles
3. Smooth muscles
 Skeletal muscle is a muscle tissue that is attached to the bones and is
involved in the functioning of different parts of the body. These muscles
are also called voluntary muscles as they come under the control of the
central nervous system in the body.
 Skeletal muscle is a series of muscle fibers composed of muscle cells,
which are long and multinucleated.
 Skeletal muscles are cylindrically shaped with branched cells attached
to the bones by an elastic tissue or collagen fibers called tendons, which
are composed of connective tissues.
Types of Muscles
 Cardiac muscles are found only in the heart and are self-stimulating,
which has an intermediate speed of contraction and energy
requirement. This muscle is not part of the musculoskeletal system.
 Cardiac muscles are striated muscles, which are responsible for keeping
our heart functioning by pumping and circulating blood throughout the
body and performing muscular involuntary movements. They are
involved in continuous rhythmic contraction and relaxation. The
interconnected muscle cells or fibers provide strength and flexibility to
the cardiac muscle tissue.
Types of Muscles
 Smooth muscles
 Smooth muscles are non-striated, involuntary muscles, which are
controlled by the Autonomous Nervous System (ANS). These muscles
are found almost in all organ systems such as the stomach, bladder,
vessels, bile ducts, in the eye, in sphincters, in the uterus, etc.
 The smooth muscles of the human muscular system are spindle-shaped
muscle fibers with a single nucleus. The thickness of the smooth
muscles ranges between 3-10 µm and its length ranges between 20 to
200 μm, which are shorter compared to the skeletal muscle. These
muscles lack filaments, special protein, actin and myosin and produce
their own connective tissue.
Types of Muscles
 Cardiac muscle exists only within the human heart. It is a specialized
form of muscle evolved to continuously and repeatedly contract,
providing circulation of blood throughout the body. Cardiac
muscle has a regular pattern of fibers similar to that of smooth muscles.
These muscles comprise the cylindrical, branched fibers and a
centrally located nucleus. The T-tubules or transverse tubules
are rich in ion channels and are found in the atrial muscle cells.
 These muscles are striated muscles with cylindrical-shaped cells,
which includes intercalated discs and joins neighboring fibers.
Procedure
 Observe microscopic images of the three types of muscles focused
under LPO and HPO. Note the position of the nucleus in each muscle and
the presence or absence of alternating dark and light transverse
striations in muscle. Choose microscopic images that are already
labeled.
Longitudinal Section of Smooth Muscle

Identified by long, thin central nuclei, a more


scattered tissue layout, and absence of
striations
Longitudinal Section of Smooth
Muscle
Longitudinal and Cross-section of Smooth
Muscle
Longitudinal Section of Cardiac Muscle
At high magnification, both striations and large nuclei of the cardiac
muscle cells can be seen. Seen also are intercalated discs that
connect individual muscle cells and permit conduction of electrical
impulses between the cells seen in longitudinal sections.
Longitudinal Section of Cardiac
Muscle
Longitudinal Section of the Skeletal Muscle
Longitudinal Section of the Skeletal Muscle
Normal skeletal muscle fibers are multinucleated cells and the
nuclei are located peripherally within the cell. The light and dark
bands are very distinct.
Cross-section of the Skeletal Muscle
Cross-section of the Skeletal Muscle
Each muscle fiber is multinucleated; with the nuclei arranged at the periphery of the
fiber. The striated muscle is surrounded by a tissue sheath known as the epimysium,
continuous with the sheath is a connective tissue network, the perimysium, which
infiltrates the muscle and divides it into bundles. The individual muscle within the
bundle is surrounded by delicate connective tissue enclosure, the endomysium.
Questions and Answers
 1. Differentiate the two types of smooth muscle.
 Single-unit smooth muscle - found in walls of hollow organ; contract
synchronously, coupled by gap junction, exhibit spontaneous action
potential

 Multi-unit smooth muscle –found in airways to the lungs and large


arteries; rarely contain gap junctions, compared with single unit smooth
muscles, but are densely innervated by autonomic nerve fibers. Each
muscle fiber responds independently of its adjacent fiber and therefore
behaves as independent multiple units.
Questions and Answers
2. Describe the function of the connective tissue that surrounds the muscle.
Epimysium – protects muscles from friction against the other muscles and bones.
3. Account for the pink or red coloration of skeletal muscle.
Skeletal muscle has lots of myoglobin which imparts red color. Myoglobin
is an iron-containing protein in muscles that receives oxygen from the rbc
and transmits it to mitochondria of muscle cells.
4. Explain the functional significance of intercalated disc.
Intercalated discs are unique structural formations (gap junctions) found
between the myocardial cells of the heart. They play vital roles in bonding
cardiac muscle cells together and in transmitting signals between cells. The
ends of each cardiac muscle cell form intercalated discs where they meet
neighboring cardiac muscle cells.

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