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Freezing Point Depression-Boiling Point Elevation

The document outlines the evolution of atomic theory through various models, including the Solid Sphere Model, Plum Pudding Model, Nuclear Model, Planetary Model, and Quantum Model, each proposed by notable scientists from Dalton to Schrödinger. It highlights the key features and limitations of each model, illustrating how our understanding of atomic structure has progressed over time. The document also includes questions and answers related to the concepts presented in the models.

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2 views

Freezing Point Depression-Boiling Point Elevation

The document outlines the evolution of atomic theory through various models, including the Solid Sphere Model, Plum Pudding Model, Nuclear Model, Planetary Model, and Quantum Model, each proposed by notable scientists from Dalton to Schrödinger. It highlights the key features and limitations of each model, illustrating how our understanding of atomic structure has progressed over time. The document also includes questions and answers related to the concepts presented in the models.

Uploaded by

sarabiachinkee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BOILING POINT

FREEZING POINT
ELEVATION
DEPRESSION
AGENDA 1 Solid Sphere Model

2 Plum Pudding Model

3 Nuclear Model

4 Planetary Model

5 Quantum Model
ATOMIC THEORY TIMELINE

1803 1897 1911 1913 1920s

Solid Sphere Plum Nuclear Planetary Quantum


Pudding Erwin
John J.J. Ernest Niels
Dalton Thomson Rutherford Bohr Schrödinger
Atoms are dense and Atoms are described as Atom consists of a Electrons move in Electrons do not have
solid, with no internal uniform, positively small, dense, positively quantized, discrete definite orbits, but are
structure or subatomic charged spheres with charged nucleus at the energy levels around described by wave
particles considered. electrons embedded center, with electrons the nucleus and emit or functions that represent
within them, similar to orbiting around it, absorb energy when probability distributions
raisins in a pudding. similar to planets transitioning between of their locations.
orbiting around the sun. levels.
JOHN DALTON
1766 - 1844

• British chemist and physicist


• Proposed the Solid Sphere Model in the early 19th century

• Shifted from philosophical ideas to scientific theory


• First atomic model based on experimental evidence and
quantitative observations
• Paved the way for the development of modern atomic theories
SOLID According to this theory, atoms are tiny balls that can't be

SPHERE broken and are all made of the same material. This theory
helped explain how different chemicals mix together and

MODEL
what makes them different.

ATOMIC THEORY

1803
LIMITATIONS

• Couldn’t explain differences in atomic mass within an element


(isotopes)
• Didn’t account for the presence of subatomic particles like protons,
neutrons, and electrons
• Couldn’t explain the behavior of atoms in chemical reactions
• English physicist known for his work on the nature
of electrons
• Proposed the Plum Pudding Model in the late 19th
century

• Discovered electrons as distinct particles


• Shifted understanding from indivisible atom to
J.J. THOMSON subatomic particles
• Paved the way for further exploration of atomic
1856 - 1940
structure
PLUM According to this theory, atoms are like plum pudding, with
tiny positive charges scattered throughout a cloud of
PUDDING negative electrons. This theory helped explain why atoms
have a neutral charge overall and why they emit light when
MODEL they collide with each other.

ATOMIC THEORY

1897

LIMITATIONS
• Couldn’t explain why electrons didn’t collapse into the
positive sphere
• Failed to predict the distribution and arrangement of
electrons
• Lacked explanation for the nucleus and its positive charge
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
1871 - 1937

• New Zealand-born physicist known for his contributions to nuclear


physics
• Introduced the Nuclear Model in the early 20th century

• First model to propose a central, massive nucleus


• Explained the behavior of positively charged alpha particles in the
gold foil experiment
• Laid the groundwork for understanding atomic structure and
radioactivity
ATOMIC THEORY According to this theory, atoms have a nucleus with a
positive charge and most of the mass, surrounded by
1911 electrons that orbit like planets. It explains why particles
can pass through or bounce off atoms, and is the basis of
our current understanding of atomic structure.

NUCLEAR MODEL
LIMITATIONS
• Didn't explain the stability of the nucleus against
electrostatic repulsion
• Lacked details about electron orbits and energy levels
• Didn't incorporate the principles of quantum mechanics
NIELS BOHR
1885 - 1962

• Danish physicist known for his pioneering work in


atomic structure
• Proposed the Planetary Model in the early 20th
century

• Explained atomic spectra with precision


• Introduced the concept of quantized energy levels
• Bridged classical physics with emerging quantum
mechanics
ATOMIC THEORY
PLANETARY MODEL
1913
According to this theory, electrons orbit the nucleus
of an atom in specific energy levels or shells. This
theory helped explain why atoms emit light and why
they absorb certain colors of light. It also helped
explain the stability of atoms and why they don't fall
apart.

LIMITATIONS • Limited to explaining the hydrogen atom


• Couldn't account for the behavior of multi-electron
atoms
• Didn't incorporate the wave-like nature of electrons
ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER
1887 - 1961

• Austrian physicist renowned for his contributions to quantum


mechanics
• Proposed the Quantum Model in the 1920s

• Quantum mechanics provides a comprehensive understanding of


electron behavior
• Schrödinger's model successfully explains multi-electron atoms
• Quantum mechanics is the foundation of modern atomic theory
ATOMIC THEORY According to this theory, electrons exist as a probable
wave-like pattern around the nucleus, not in a specific
1920s orbit. It explains why electrons act like particles and
waves, and is the foundation of our understanding of
atomic structure and widely used in modern physics.

QUANTUM
MODEL
LIMITATIONS
• Mathematical complexity of the model
• Requires advanced mathematics to calculate electron
probabilities
• Doesn't provide a simple visual representation of atomic
structure
Time to test your knowledge of the

THEORY
QUESTION IF ATOMS ARE SOLID SPHERES, WHAT
WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU TRIED TO CUT ONE
IN HALF?
ANSWER

Type your response here.


QUESTION IF ATOMS ARE SOLID SPHERES, WHAT
WOULD HAPPEN IF YOU TRIED TO CUT ONE
IN HALF?
ANSWER

In the Solid Sphere Model, atoms were believed to be indivisible, so you couldn't
actually cut one in half. It was thought that atoms were the smallest, fundamental
building blocks of matter.
QUESTION HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE
DISTRIBUTION OF "RAISINS" (ELECTRONS)
IN THIS ATOMIC PUDDING?
ANSWER

Type your response here.


QUESTION HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE
DISTRIBUTION OF "RAISINS" (ELECTRONS)
IN THIS ATOMIC PUDDING?
ANSWER

In the Plum Pudding Model, the "raisins" (electrons) were thought to be scattered
throughout the positive "pudding" (atom). So, the distribution of electrons was
assumed to be relatively uniform within the atom.
QUESTION WHAT DID RUTHERFORD'S GOLD FOIL
EXPERIMENT REVEAL ABOUT THE ATOMIC
NUCLEUS?
ANSWER

Type your response here.


QUESTION WHAT DID RUTHERFORD'S GOLD FOIL
EXPERIMENT REVEAL ABOUT THE ATOMIC
NUCLEUS?
ANSWER

Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed that most of the atom's mass is
concentrated in a small, positively charged nucleus at the center. This discovery
overturned the idea of a uniformly distributed positive charge.
QUESTION WHY MIGHT ELECTRONS BE COMPARED TO
PLANETS IN A SOLAR SYSTEM WITHIN
BOHR'S MODEL?
ANSWER

Type your response here.


QUESTION WHY MIGHT ELECTRONS BE COMPARED TO
PLANETS IN A SOLAR SYSTEM WITHIN
BOHR'S MODEL?
ANSWER

Bohr's Planetary Model drew an analogy between electrons orbiting the nucleus
and planets orbiting the sun. It simplified the complex behavior of electrons,
suggesting they had quantized energy levels like planets have orbits.
QUESTION WHY MIGHT ELECTRONS BE COMPARED TO
PLANETS IN A SOLAR SYSTEM WITHIN
BOHR'S MODEL?
ANSWER

How does Schrödinger's cat relate to the concept of electron probability clouds in
the Quantum Model?
QUESTION WHY MIGHT ELECTRONS BE COMPARED TO
PLANETS IN A SOLAR SYSTEM WITHIN
BOHR'S MODEL?

Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment in quantum mechanics, not directly


ANSWER

related to electrons. However, it illustrates the probabilistic nature of quantum


systems, similar to how electrons are described by probability clouds in the
Quantum Model. The cat is in a superposition of states (both alive and dead) until
observed, much like electrons can exist in multiple states until measured.
THANKS FOR

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