UNIT II

TUNED AMPLIFIER AND BLOCKING

OSCILLATORS
DEFINITION:-
 An amplifier circuit in which the load circuit is a tank
circuit such that it can be tuned to pass or amplify selection
of a desired frequency or a narrow band of frequencies, is
known as Tuned Circuit Amplifier.
 Characteristics of Tuned Amplifier
 Tuned amplifier selects and amplifies a single frequency
from a mixture of frequencies in any frequency range.
 A Tuned amplifier employs a tuned circuit.
 It uses the phenomena of resonance, the tank circuit which
is capable of selecting a particular or relative narrow band
of frequencies.
 The centre of this frequency band is the resonant frequency
of the tuned circuit .
 Both types consist of an inductance L and capacitance C
with two element connected in series and parallel.
 RESONANCE CIRCUITS
 When at particular frequency the inductive reactance
became equal to capacitive reactance and the circuit then
behaves as purely resistive circuit. This phenomenon is
called the resonance and the corresponding frequency is
called the resonant frequency.

L
C

Tuned circuit
 Resonance
circuits

Series Parallel
 Classification of
Tuned Circuits

Small signal Large signal

amplifier, low amplifier, low
power, radio power, radio
frequency frequency

Class A Class B&C

Single Tuned Double tuned

Shunt peaked
circuit(one circuit(two tuned Staggered Tuned
tuned with higher
parallel circuit is circuit are amplifier
band width
employed) employed)
Classification of Tuned Amplifier

Tuned
amplifier

Small Signal Large signal

Amplifier Amplifier

Stagger
Single Tuned Double Tuned
Tuned
Amplifier Amplifier
Amplifier
CLASSIFICATION OF TUNED AMPLIFIERS

Small Signal Tuned Amplifiers :- They are

used to amplify the RF signals of small
magnitude.
They are further classified as:
(a) Single Tuned Amplifiers:- In this we
use one parallel tuned circuit in each
stage.
(b) Double Tuned Amplifiers:- In this we
use two mutually coupled tuned circuits
for every stage both of tuned circuits are
 Large signal tuned amplifiers:-
They are meant for amplifying large signals
in which large RF power is involved & distortion
level is also higher. But tuned circuit itself eliminates
most of the harmonic distortion.
 BAND PASS AMPLIFIER:

An amplifier designated to pass a definite band

of frequencies with uniform response.

 The new band pass amplifier perform both

function of low noise amplifier (LNA) & band
pass filter is proposed for application of 900Mhz
RF Front – end in wireless receivers .
 BAND PASS AMPLIFIER:

It is having two differential stage comprising two

transistor.
BAND PASS AMPLIFIER
• Main function of band pass filter to remove the
band noise ,which also contributes to the rejection
of image signals.
• Finally a band pass amplifier amplifies only a
band of frequency which lie in bandwidth of
amplifier & thus named as band pass amplifier .
BAND PASS AMPLIFIER
BAND PASS FILTER
SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT
It is the circuit in which all the resistive and
reactive components are in series.
SERIES RESONANT LC
 SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT
• Impedance Of The Circuit: -
Z = { R2 + (XL – Xc)2}1/2
Z = { R2 + (ωL – 1/ ωC)2}1/2

• For resonant frequency:-

(XL = XC )
XL = ωL = 2 π frL
XC = 1/ ωC = 1 / 2 π
f rC
SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT
Since at resonance,

XL = Xc

2 π frL = 1 / 2ПfrC

fr = 1 / 2 π √LC

ωr = 1 / √LC
RESONANCE CURVE OF SERIES
RESONANT CIRCUIT :
 QUALITY FACTOR
It is voltage magnification that circuit produces at
resonance is called the Q factor.

Voltage Magnification = Imax XL / Imin R

= XL/ R

At Resonance
XL/R = XC/R
ωrL / R = 1 / ωrRC
 Thus

Qr = ωrL / R = 1/ ωrC R
= 2 π fr L / R
= (2 π L / R) * (1 / 2 π √LC )
= √(L/C) / R
= tanФ
{ tan Ф = power factor of coil }
 IMPORTANT POINTS
(1) Net reactance , X = 0.
(2) Impedance Z = R .
(3) Power factor is unity.
(4) Power expended = 6 watt.
Current is so large & will produce large voltage
across inductance & capacitance will be equal in
magnitude but opposite in phase.
Series resonance is called an acceptor circuit
because such a circuit accepts current at one
particular frequency but rejects current at other
frequencies these circuit are used in Radio –
receivers .
 REACTANCE CURVE SERIES
RESONANT CIRCUIT
XL = 2ΠfL
current

X = XL - XC fr XC = 1
2ΠfC
PARALLEL OR CURRENT RESONANCE
PARALLEL OR CURRENT RESONANCE

 When an inductive reactance and a capacitance are

connected in parallel as shown in figure condition may
reach under which current resonance (also known as
parallel or anti- resonance ) will take palace.
 Such circuit is said to be in electrical resonance when
reactive(watt less) components of line current
becomes zero. The frequency at which this happened is
known as resonant frequency.
 Current will be in resonance if reactive component of
R-L branch IR-L sinФ R-L = Reactive component of
capacitive branch, neglecting leakage reactance of
capacitor C
FREQUENCY V/S IMPEDANCE CURVE FOR
LCR CIRCUIT
 CURRENT AT RESONANCE

Capacitive Current Ic = 2 π fr CV

Coil Current IR-L = V/Z

= V / √ R2+ (ωrL)2

ФR-L = Cos-1(R/Z)

ФR-L = Sin-1(2ПfrL/Z)
( V / √ R2+ (ωrL)2 ) * (ωrL / √ R2+ (ωrL)2 ) = ωrCV

C = L / (R2+ (ωrL )2

ωr = (1 / √LC) * (( 1- CR2/L) )1/2

ωr = √(1/LC – R2/L2)

fr = ωr /2 π

= (1/2 π ) * ((1/LC)- (R2 / L2))

RESONANCE CURVE OF PARALLEL
RESONANT CIRCUIT :

With high resistance

frequency
Resonant
current

With low resistance

fR
Active component of coil
IA = IR- L cosФR-L

= (V/Z) * (R/Z)

= VR/Z2
Reactive component of coil
IR = IR-L sinФ
= (V/Z ) * (2 π frL/Z )
Since at resonance
Reactive component of coil current = Capacitive current
(V / Z ) * (2 π frL / Z) = 2 π frCV

Z = √(L/C) ………..(1)
Line current IL = Active component of coil
current
= IA
= IR-L cosФR-L
= VR/Z2 [using (1)]
= VR(C/L)
IL = [ V / (L/RC) ]
(L/RC) = Effective or equivalent dynamic impedance of
parallel circuit at resonance.
IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CURRENT
OR PARALLEL RESONANCE:
(1) Net susceptance is zero
(1 / XC ) = ( XL / Z2 )
(2) Admittance = Conductance
(3) Power factor is unity as reactive ( wattles)
components of the current is zero
(4) Impedance is purely resistive
ZMax = (L / CR)
(5) ILine(Min) = V / ( L/CR ) ( in phase with applied
voltage)
(6) f = (1/2П) * ( √(1/LC) – (R2/ L2)) Hz

The frequency at which the net susceptance curve

crosses the frequency axis is called the resonant
frequency .
At this point impedance is maximum or admittance
is minimum & is equal to G , consequently (I) Line is
minimum .
 Band with of parallel resonant circuit
B.W. = (f2 – f1)
Quality Factor
Q = XL / R
= 2ПfrL / R

Quality factor determines sharpness of resonance curve

and selectivity of circuit.
Higher the value of quality factor more selective the
tuned circuit is.
CHARACTERSTICS OF PARALLEL OR
CURRENT RESONANCE
• Admittance is equal to conductance.
• Reactive or watt less component of line current is
zero hence circuit power factor is unity.
• Impedance is purely resistive , maximum in
magnitude and is equal to L/CR.
• Line current is minimum and is equal to
V / (L/CR)
in magnitude and is in phase with the applied voltage.
REACTANCE CURVE PARALLEL
RESONANT CIRCUIT

current XL = 2ΠfL

X = XL - XC 1
XC =
2ΠfC
(1) SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
Vc c

C L

R1
Cin
Cc RL
+

R2
Vs
Re Ce
 (1) SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
• O/P of this amplifier may be taken either with the
help of Capacitive.

• A parallel tuned circuits is connected in the

collector circuit.
Tuned voltage amplifier are usually employed in RF
stage of wireless communication , where such
circuits are assigned the work of selecting the
desired carrier frequency and of amplifying the
permitted pass-band around the selected carrier
frequency.
 SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
• Tuned amplifier are required to be
R1, R2, & Re = For biasing & stabilization circuit.
Ce = By pass capacitor
L-C = Tuned circuit connected in collector,
the impedance of which depend
upon frequency, act as a collector
load.
If i/p signal has same frequency as resonant frequency
of L-C circuit . Large amplification will be obtain
because of high impedance of L-C ckt.
SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
USING FET
 LIMITATION
This tuned amplifier are required to be highly selective.
But high selectivity required a tuned circuit with a high Q-
factor .

 A high Q- factor circuit will give a high Av but at the

same time , it will give much reduced band with because
bandwidth is inversely proportional to the Q- factor .

 It means that tuned amplifier with reduce bandwidth may

not be able to amplify equally the complete band of signals
& result is poor reproduction . This is called potential
instability in tuned amplifier.
DOUBLE TUNED CIRCUIT :
 DOUBLE TUNED CIRCUIT
The problem of potential instability with a single tuned
amplifiers overcome in a double tuned amplifier which
consists of independently coupled two tuned circuit :
(1) L 1C1 in collector circuit
(2) L2 C2 in output circuit
A change in the coupling of two tuned circuit
results in change in the shape of frequency response .
By proper adjustment of coupling between two coils of
two tuned circuits, the required results are :
 High selectivity
 High voltage gain
 Required bandwidth
 CIRCUIT OPERATION
• The resonant freq. of tuned circuit connected in collector
circuit is made equal to signal freq. by varying the value of C1.
• Tuned circuit (L 1C1) Offer very high impedance to
signal frequency & this large o/p is developed across it.
• The o/p of (L1C1) is transferred to (L2C2) through
mutual inductance.
• Thus the freq. response of double tuned circuit depends upon
magnetic coupling of L1 & L2.
• Most suitable curve is when optimum coefficient of coupling
exists between two tuned circuit .The circuit is then highly
selective & also provides sufficient amount of gain for a
particular band of frequency.
 STAGGER TUNED AMPLIFIERS
It is a multistage amplifier which has one parallel resonant
circuit for every stage, while resonant frequency of every stage
is slightly different from previous stages.
From circuit diagram it is clear that first stage of this
amplifiers has a resonant circuit formed by L1 & C1 that
f1 = 1 / (2Π √L1 C1)
The o/p of stage is applied to second stage which is tuned to
slightly higher frequency.
f2 = 1 / (2Π √L2 C2)
• Second stage amplifiers the signals of
frequency f2 by maximum amplitude while other
frequency signal are amplified by less quantity . Thus
frequency response

• Curve of second stage has a peak of f2 which is

slightly higher than f1.
STAGGER TUNED AMPLIFIERS :
STAGGER TUNED AMPLIFIER
Freq. response of Freq. response of
first stage second stage
Voltage

Over all
response

f1 f0 f2

Frequency
 STAGGER TUNED AMPLIFIERS

 Over all response of these two stage is

obtained by combining individual response & it
exhibits a maximum flatness around the center
frequency f0 . Thus overall bandwidth is better
than individual stage.
 Since two stages are in parallel (shunt) & overall
bandwidth is increased thus, it behaves like shunt
circuits for the increased bandwidth.
 LARGE SIGNAL
(NARROW BAND AMPLIFIER) TUNED AMPLIFIER

Single & double stage amplifier are not suitable for

applications involving larger RF power , because of
lower of efficiency of class A operation (single
double) such as for excitation of transmitting antenna.

 For such application larger signal tuned amplifier are

employed because they are operation in class C
operation that has high efficiency & capable of
delivering more power in comparison to that of class A
operation .
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF LARGE SIGNAL (NARROW
BAND AMPLIFIER) TUNED AMPLIFIER :

Vcc

C L

Cc
Cs
+

RL
Vs RB

Tuned class C amplifier

 LARGE SIGNAL
(NARROW BAND AMPLIFIER)
TUNED AMPLIFIER
• The resonant tuned circuit is tuned to freq. of i/p
signal . When circuit has a high Q- factor , parallel
resonance occur approximate freq. :
f = 1 / (2 π √LC)

At resonant freq. the impedance of parallel circuit is

very large & purely resistive.
 LARGE SIGNAL (NARROW BAND
AMPLIFIER) TUNED AMPLIFIER
• Higher the Q of circuit faster gain drops on either side
of resonance freq.

• A large Q leads to small bandwidth equal top sharp

tuning this amplifier has Q>> 10,This means
Bandwidth is less than 10% of fr & for this reason , it
is called as narrow band amplifier.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN TUNED
AND AF AMPLIFIER
Tuned Amplifier AF Amplifier
 It has to amplify narrow  Works with a complete
band of frequencies defined audio frequency range
by the tuned load at the
collector  More compact
 They are bulky and costlier  Amplifies sound signals and
 Used in radio transmitters act as drive for loud
and receivers, and speakers
television receivers circuits .
 APPLICATIONS OF TUNED AMPLIFIER
Tuned amplifiers serve the best for two purposes:
Selection of desired frequency.
Amplifying the signal to a desired level.

USED IN:
 Communication transmitters and receivers.
 In filter design :--Band Pass, low pass, High
pass and band reject filter design.
 ADVANTAGES

 It provides high selectivity.

 It has small collector voltage.
 Power loss is also less.
 Signal to noise ratio of O/P is good.
 They are well suited for radio transmitters and
receivers .
 DISADVANTAGES
 They are not suitable to amplify audio frequencies.
 If the band of frequency is increase then design
becomes complex.
 Since they use inductors and capacitors as tuning
elements, the circuit is bulky and costly.
BLOCKING OSCILLATOR &
TIME BASE GENERATORS
Monostable Blocking oscillator using Emitter Timing
Equivalent circuit
Current Waveform
Voltage Waveform
 Equivalent Circuit

The discharge equation of a capacitor is

 t

VC  Vi RC

e
 VC  VBB  V

Vi 
V1
ti  t f 
t f  R1 C  VBB  
 V 
1 V
 1 
ln
 V 
t f  R1 C  1 
 
ln  V BB  V 
1

Ttp
tf
t p
t n12
 ne RC1 
L
p
RL
R
 TYPES OF
TIME BASE GENERATORS
1) UJT as RELAXATION OSCILLATOR.
2) MILLER SWEEP GENERATOR.
3) BOOTSTRAP RAMP GENERATOR.
4) CURRENT TIME BASE GENERATOR.
UJT as RELAXATION OSCILLATOR
 Equivalent circuit.
• Discharging of capacitor through UJT generates saw-tooth
waveform.
• When VBB is connected, it will start charging the capacitor
through R1.
• The capacitor keeps on charging until the voltage across it
becomes equal to 0.7V .
• We take output across the capacitor ‘C’.
• During the charging process, the voltage across
capacitor increases until it reaches its peak value.
• At the peak value the UJT is switched ON and it
starts conducting.
• When the UJT starts conducting , the capacitor starts
discharging between emitter and B1.
• When the capacitor voltage become zero, the
capacitor again starts charging.
• The frequency of the o/p saw-tooth waveform can be
varied by changing the value of R1 resistor, since this
controls the time constant(R1C) of the capacitor
charging circuit.
FORMULA
• t=2.3R1Clog10(1/1-ŋ)
• t=R1Cloge(1/1-ŋ)
• VC=VBB[1-e^(-t/R1C)]
MILLER SWEEP GENERATOR
• Q1 acts as a switch and Q2 acts as a CE configuration
high gain amplifier.
• When Q1 is ON, Q2 is OFF.
• At this instance o/p voltage across capacitor is equal
to VCC.
• If a pulse of negative polarity is applied, then Q1 is
reverse biased and it is switched OFF. Q2 then is
switched ON.
• Since Q2 conducts, o/p voltage begins to decrease
towards zero.
• When the i/p pulse is removed the capacitor again
begins to charge.
 FORMULA
• tS=CRC(β+1)
where tS=sweep time(rising time).
BOOTSTRAP RAMP GENERATOR
• The transistor Q1 acts as a switch and Q2 as an unity gain
amplifier.
• Suppose the transistor Q1 is ON and Q2 is OFF.
• The capacitor C1 begins to charge to VCC through the diode
forward resistance RE.
• At this instant, the output voltage Vo is zero.
• When negative pulse is applied to the base of transistor
Q1, it turns OFF.
• The output voltage (Vo) is the same as the base voltage of
transistor Q2.
• Diode is reversed biased. Capacitor ‘C’ starts charging.
• Output voltage begins to increase from zero.
• Since the value of capacitor C1 is much larger than that
of capacitor C, therefore the voltage across capacitor
C1 practically remains constant.
• Thus the voltage drop across the resistor R also remains
constant because of this, the current iR through the
resistor also remains constant.
• This causes the voltage across the capacitor C (and
hence the output voltage) to increase linearly with time.
CURRENT TIME BASE GENERATOR
• There are 3 important blocks-constant current
source, capacitor and a switch.
• During the sweep interval, the capacitor ‘C’ is
charged by the constant current.
• When the sweep waveform reaches to its
maximum value VS the switch opens and does
not allow the current to flow further.
• The capacitor ‘C’ starts discharging.
• The o/p voltage waveform is measured across
the capacitor.