When two loops with or without contacts between them affect

each other through the magnetic field generated by one of them,

they are said to be magnetically coupled.

The transformer is an electrical device designed on the basis of

the concept of magnetic coupling. It uses magnetically coupled
coils to transfer energy from one circuit to another.

The transformers are used in power systems for stepping up or

stepping down ac voltages or currents.

The transformers are used in electronic circuits such as radio

and television receivers for such purposes as impedance
matching, isolating one part of a circuit from another, and for
stepping up or down ac voltages and currents.

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 Mutual Inductance
When two inductors (or coils) are in a close proximity to each other, the magnetic
flux caused by current in one coil links with the other coil, thereby inducing voltage
in the latter. This phenomenon is known as mutual inductance.
A coil with N turns, when current i flows through
the coil, a magnetic flux is produced around it.
According to Faraday’s law:

Any change in 𝜙is caused by a change in the current.

or where

L is called self-inductance, because it relates the voltage induced in a coil by a

time-varying current in the same coil.
When two coils with self-inductances L1 and L2 that are close to each other. Coil 1
has N1 turns, while coil 2 has N2 turns. Assume that the second inductor carries no
current. The magnetic flux 𝜙1 emanating from coil 1 has two components: One
component 𝜙11 links only coil 1, and another component 𝜙12 links both coils.
2
 Entire flux 𝜙1
coil 1 is Mutual Inductance
links coil 1, so the voltage induced in

or

Where L1=N1d𝜙1/di1 is the self inductance of coil 1

Only flux 𝜙12 links coil 2, so the voltage induced in coil 2 is

or
Where

M21 is known as the mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1. Subscript
21 indicates that the inductance relates the voltage induced in coil 2 to the current
in coil 1.
The open-circuit mutual voltage (or induced voltage) across coil 2 is

Suppose the current flow in coil 2, while coil 1 carries no current. The magnetic
flux 𝜙2 emanating from coil 2 comprises flux 𝜙22 that links only coil 2 and flux 1𝜙2that
links both coils.
3
The entire flux 𝜙2 links coil 2, so the voltage induced in
coil 2 is

Where L2=N2d𝜙2/di2 is the self inductance of coil 2

Only flux 𝜙21 links coil 1, so the voltage induced in coil 1

is

Where
M12 is known as the mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2.
The open-circuit mutual voltage (or induced voltage) across coil 1 is

Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a

neighboring inductor, measured in henrys (H).
4
Although mutual inductance M is always a positive quantity, the mutual voltage
Mdi/dt may be negative or positive, The dots are used along with the dot
convention to determine the polarity of the mutual voltage.
If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of the
mutual voltage in the second coil is positive at the dotted terminal of the second
coil.

If a current leaves the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of the
mutual voltage in the second coil is negative at the dotted terminal of the second
coil.

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 The Procedure for Determining Dot Markings

a) Arbitrarily select one terminal—say, the D

terminal—of one coil and mark it with a dot.
b) Assign a current into the dotted terminal and label
it iD.
c) Use the right-hand rule to determine the direction
of the magnetic field established by iD inside
the coupled coils and label this field 𝜙D.
d) Arbitrarily pick one terminal of the second
coil— say, terminal A—and assign a current
into this terminal, showing the current as iA.
e) Use the right-hand rule to determine the
direction of the flux established by iA
inside the coupled coils and label this flux 𝜙A.
f) Compare the directions of the two fluxes 𝜙D and 𝜙A. If the fluxes have the same
reference direction, place a dot on the terminal of the second coil where the
test current (iA) enters. (The fluxes 𝜙D and 𝜙A have the same reference
direction, and therefore a dot goes on terminal A). If the fluxes have
different reference
directions, place a dot on the terminal of the second coil where the test current
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 Analyze Circuits Involving Mutual
The total inductance for coupled coils in series is
Inductance

For the time domain circuit shown in fig.(a). Applying

KVL to coil 1 gives

For coil 2, KVL gives

The above two equations can be written in the frequency domain as

7
Analyze Circuits Involving Mutual
For the frequency domain circuit shown in fig.(b). Applying KVL to coil 1
Inductance
gives

Model that makes analysis of mutually coupled easier to solve

8
Analyze Circuits Involving Mutual
Example: Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit
Inductance
For loop 1, KVL gives

(1)
For loop 2, KVL gives

(2)

Substitute eq(1) in eq(2) gives

Substitute I2 in eq(2) gives

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Analyze Circuits Involving Mutual
Example: Determine the voltage Vo in the circuit
Inductance
For loop 1, KVL gives
−200∠45𝑜 + 4𝐼1 +
𝑗8𝐼1+jI2=0

(4 +
(1)

𝑗8)𝐼1+jI2=200∠45𝑜
For loop 2, KVL gives
j5I2 + 10𝐼2 + 𝑗𝐼1=0
(10 +10+𝑗5
𝑗5)𝐼2 +
𝐼1 = − 𝐼2=(-
𝑗𝐼
2 =0 10 +
(2)
1
5+j10)I 𝑗

𝑗5 𝐼2 = −𝑗𝐼1
Substitute eq(2) in eq(1) gives
(4 + 𝑗8) (−5+j10)I2+jI2=200∠45𝑜
(−20 + 𝑗40 − 𝑗40 −
80)I2+jI2=200∠45𝑜 10
 (−20 + 𝑗40 − 𝑗40 −
Analyze Circuits Involving Mutual
80)I +jI =200∠45
Inductance
2 2
𝑜

(−100+j1)I2=200∠45𝑜
200∠45𝑜 200∠45𝑜
𝐼2 = = =
−100 + 𝑗1 100∠179.4
2∠ − 134.4

𝑉𝑜 = 10 × 𝐼2 = 10 × 2∠ − 134.4
= 20∠ − 134.4

Example: Calculate the mesh currents in the circuit

for mesh 2 , KVL gives
for mesh 1, KVL gives

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Inductance

H.W.: Determine the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit

12
 Analyze Circuits Involving Mutual
Example: Write a complete set of phasor mesh equations for the circuit of fig.
Inductance
(a).

Replace both the mutual inductance and the two self-

inductances with their corresponding impedances as in
fig. (b).

for mesh 1, KVL gives

for mesh 2, KVL gives

for mesh 3, KVL gives

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The energy stored in an inductor is given by
Energy in a Coupled Circuit
For the circuit, assume that currents and are zero initially, so
that the energy stored in the coils is zero. Let i1 increase from
zero to I1 while maintaining i2=0, the power in coil 1 is

The energy stored in the circuit is

If we now maintain i1=I1 and increase i2 from zero to I2, the mutual voltage
induced in coil 1 is M12di2/dt while the mutual voltage induced in coil 2 is zero,
since I1 does not change. The power in the coils is now

The energy stored in the circuit is

14
The total energy stored in the coils when both i1 and i2 have reached constant
values is Energy in a Coupled Circuit

If we reverse the order by which the currents reach their final values, that is, if we
first increase i2 from zero to I2 and later increase i1 from zero to I1, the total
energy stored in the coils is

Comparing the above two equations leads to

The above equation was derived based on the assumption that the coil currents
both entered the dotted terminals. If one current enters one dotted terminal while
the other current leaves the other dotted terminal, the sign of the mutual energy
term is reversed.

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Since I1 and I2 are arbitrary values, they may be replaced by i1 and i2 which gives
Energy in a Coupled Circuit
the instantaneous energy stored in the circuit

The positive sign is selected for the mutual term if both currents enter or leave the
dotted terminals of the coils; the negative sign is selected otherwise

Establishing an Upper Limit for M

The energy stored in passive circuit cannot be negative, so

Add and subtract the term

The squared term is never negative; at its least it is zero. Therefore, the second
term must be greater than zero;

Or
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 The Coupling Coefficient
Energy in a Coupled Circuit
Coupling coefficient (k) is used to describe the degree of coupling between coils.

• If the entire flux produced by one coil links another coil, then k=1 and
we have 100 percent coupling, or the coils are said to be perfectly
coupled.
• For k<0.5, the coils are said to be loosely coupled.
• For k>0.5, the coils are said to be tightly coupled.

•Example: Consider the circuit. Determine the

coupling coefficient. Calculate the energy
stored in the coupled inductors at time t=1 s if
v=60 cos(4t + 30o) V.

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 Energy in a Coupled Circuit
For mesh 1
(1)
For mesh 2

(2)
Substitute (2) in (1)

In time domain

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