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Adaptaion of Cellular Growth and Differentiation (1)

The document outlines the adaptations of cellular growth and differentiation, defining key processes such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. It explains that these adaptations are reversible changes in cell size, number, and function in response to environmental changes. Each process is described with physiological and pathological examples, illustrating how cells respond to stress and stimuli.

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samanafridi15
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2 views

Adaptaion of Cellular Growth and Differentiation (1)

The document outlines the adaptations of cellular growth and differentiation, defining key processes such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. It explains that these adaptations are reversible changes in cell size, number, and function in response to environmental changes. Each process is described with physiological and pathological examples, illustrating how cells respond to stress and stimuli.

Uploaded by

samanafridi15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Adaptation of Cellular

Growth and
Differentiation
Objectives

Define adaptations of cellular growth and


differentiation and the various processes
involved including
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
WHAT ARE THE ADAPTATIONS OF CELLULAR
GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION?
Reversible changes in the size,
number, phenotype,
metabolic activity, or
functions of cells in response
to changes in their
environment.
KEY DEFINITIONS
Hypertrophy: Increase in the size of cells
and their functional activity – consequent
increase in size of organ – larger cells but
with same number as earlier.
Hyperplasia: Increase in number of cells.
Atrophy: Decrease in the size and
metabolic activity of cells.
Metaplasia: Conversion of one adult
tissue type into another.
CELLULAR RESPONSE TO
STRESS AND STIMULI
HYPERTROPHY
Increase in the size of cells - results in an
increase in the size of the affected organ
- no new cells - just larger cells
Increased size of the cells is due to the
synthesis and assembly of additional
intracellular structural components.
Hypertrophy
Physiologic
Increased functional demand or by
stimulation by hormones and growth
factors

Pathological
Induced by prolonged and abnormal
stress (Hypertension, myocardial
infarction etc.)
Examples of Hypertrophy

The bulging muscles in body builders -


enlargement of individual muscle fibers.
Heart – Pathologic hypertrophy - stimulus for
hypertrophy is chronic hemodynamic overload –
due to hypertension or faulty valves.
Massive physiologic growth of the uterus
during pregnancy - hormone-induced
enlargement - stimulated by estrogenic
hormones acting on smooth muscle through
estrogen receptors
Figure showing
comparison
between a gravid
uterus and
normal uterus
Figure 1: Histopathological view of normal uterus
Figure 2: Histopathological view of hypertrophied uter
Hyperplasia

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or


tissue in response to a stimulus.
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy are distinct
processes but frequently occur together - may
be triggered by the same external stimulus.
Distinct from cancer but pathologic hyperplasia
provides a fertile soil in which cancerous
proliferations may arise.
Hyperplasia
Physiologic

Action of hormones or growth factors

Pathological

excessive action of hormones/growth


factors acting on target cells.
EXAMPLES OF HYPERPLASIA
 Physiologic Hyperplasia
 Hormonal hyperplasia - proliferation of the
glandular epithelium of the female breast at puberty
and during pregnancy.
 Compensatory hyperplasia - liver regeneration –
cells of a donor liver proliferate so organ soon grows
back to its original size.

 Pathologic Hyperplasia
 Abnormal hormone-induced hyperplasia -
endometrial hyperplasia and benign prostatic
hyperplasia
ATROPHY

Reduction in the size of an organ or


tissue due to a decrease in cell size and
number.
Atrophy
Physiologic

common during normal development

Atrophy of notochord and


thyroglossal duct during fetal
development OR Post parturition
reduction in uterine size

Pathologic
Decreased workload OR Loss of
innervation OR Diminished blood
supply OR Inadequate nutrition OR
Loss of endocrine stimulation OR
Pressure.
EXAMPLES OF ATROPHY

Decreased workload (atrophy of disuse) –


Skeletal muscle atrophy after immobilization
of fractured bone in plaster cast – reversible
once activity is resumed
Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy) -
Damage to the nerves leads to atrophy of the
muscle fibers supplied by those nerves
Diminished blood supply – Leads to ischemia
- Atrophy of brain in old aged patients due to
atherosclerosis - senile atrophy
Figure A: Normal Brain
Figure B: Brain of an atherosclerotic man, with widening sulci and gyri
METAPLASIA

Reversible change in which one


differentiated cell type (epithelial or
mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell
type.

One cell type sensitive to a particular


stress is replaced by another cell type -
now better able to withstand the adverse
environment.
EXAMPLES OF METAPLASIA

Barrett’s Esophagus- Change of epithelium


from squamous to columnar epithelium due to
acid reflux

Habitual cigarette smoker - the normal


ciliated columnar epithelial cells of the trachea
and bronchi replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.
Metaplasia seen in
bronchus with
change of
epithelium to
squamous from
columnar

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