Unit I - i

Cloud computing introduction-Introduction, Definition and evolution of

Cloud Computing- Enabling Technologies- Service and Deployment Models
Popular Cloud Stacks and Use Cases -Benefits- Risks and Challenges of Cloud
Computing Economic Models.
Introduction
• Definition: Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of
computer system resources, including data storage and computing
power, without direct active management by the user.
• It doesn’t store any data on your personal computer.
• The main purpose of cloud computing is to give access to data centers
to many users. Users can also access data from a remote server.
• Example: Get ticket and travel in Bus. Cloud computing is just like
that bus, carrying data and information for different users and allows
to use its service with minimal cost
• The term “Cloud” came from a network design that was used by network
engineers to represent the location of various network devices and their
inter-connection. The shape of this network design was like a cloud.
• With increase in computer and Mobile user’s, data storage has become a
priority in all fields. Large and small scale businesses today thrive on
their data & they spent a huge amount of money to maintain this data.
• It requires a strong IT support and a storage hub.
• Not all businesses can afford high cost of in-house IT infrastructure and
back up support services. For them Cloud Computing is a cheaper
solution.
• Cloud computing decreases the hardware and software demand from the
user’s side. The only thing that user must be able to run is the cloud
computing systems interface software
Evolution of Cloud Computing
1. Distributed computing
• A distributed system consists of multiple autonomous computers, each
having its own private memory, communicating through a computer
network.
• Information exchange in a distributed system is accomplished through
message passing.
• A computer program that runs in a distributed system is known as a
distributed program.
• The process of writing distributed programs is referred to as distributed
programming.
• The primary purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and
utilize them better.
• Distributed systems often exhibit other properties such as
heterogeneity, openness, scalability, transparency, concurrency,
continuous availability, and independent failures
• Probably the simplest and most well known example of a distributed
system is the collection of Web servers
• Other examples include the computers of a local network that provide
a uniform view of a distributed file system and the collection of
computers on the Internet that implement the Domain Name Service
(DNS).
2. Mainframe Computing
• Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly
powerful and reliable computing machines.
• These are responsible for handling large data such as massive input-
output operations.
• Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks such as online
transactions etc.
• These systems have almost no downtime with high fault tolerance.
• One of the most attractive features of mainframes was the ability to be
highly reliable computers that were “always on” and capable of
tolerating failures transparently
• No system shutdown was required to replace failed components, and
the system could work without interruption.
• Batch processing was the main application of mainframes.
• Now their popularity and deployments have reduced, but evolved
versions of such systems are still in use for transaction processing (such
as online banking, airline ticket booking, supermarket and telcos, and
government services).
• After distributed computing, these increased the processing capabilities
of the system.
• But these were very expensive. To reduce this cost, cluster computing
came as an alternative to mainframe technology.
CPU rack of Mainframe computing
3. Cluster Computing
• Cluster computing started as a low-cost alternative to mainframes and
supercomputers.
• In 1980s, clusters become the standard technology for parallel and high-
performance computing.
• They were:
i) cheaper than mainframes
ii) made high-performance computing available to a large number
of groups, including universities and small research labs.
• A computing cluster consists of interconnected stand-alone computers
which work cooperatively as a single integrated computing resource.
• In the past, clustered computer systems have demonstrated impressive
results in handling heavy workloads with large data sets.
4. Grid Computing:
• Grid computing appeared in the early 1990s as an evolution of cluster
computing.
• In an analogy to the power grid, grid computing proposed a new approach to
access large computational power, huge storage facilities, and a variety of
services.
• Grids initially developed as aggregations of geographically dispersed (each
location is distant from each other) clusters by means of Internet connections.
• These clusters belonged to different organizations, and arrangements were
made among them to share the computational power (speed that instructions
are carried out- may be sometimes memory and bandwidth).
• Different from a “large cluster” a computing grid was a dynamic aggregation
of heterogeneous computing nodes, and its scale was nationwide or even
worldwide.
5.Virtualization
• It encompasses a collection of solutions allowing the abstraction of some of
the fundamental elements for computing, such as hardware, runtime
environments, storage, and networking.
• Virtualization has become a fundamental element of cloud computing.
• This is particularly true for solutions that provide IT infrastructure on
demand.
• Virtualization confers that degree of customization and control that makes
cloud computing appealing for users and, at the same time, sustainable for
cloud services providers.
• Virtualization is a technology that allows creation of different computing
environments.
• These environments are called virtual because they simulate the interface that
is expected by a guest.
• The most common example of virtualization is hardware virtualization.
• This technology allows simulating the hardware interface expected by
an operating system.
• Hardware virtualization allows the coexistence of different software
stacks on top of the same hardware.
• These stacks are contained inside virtual machine instances, which
operate in complete isolation from each other.
• Virtualization technologies are also used to replicate runtime
environments for programs.
• Applications in the case of process virtual machines (which include the
foundation of technologies such as Java or.NET), instead of being
executed by the operating system, are run by a specific program called
a virtual machine
6. Web 2.0
• The Web is the primary interface through which cloud computing
delivers its services.
• At present, the Web encompasses a set of technologies and services that
facilitate interactive information sharing, collaboration, user-centered
design, and application composition.
• This evolution has transformed the Web in to a rich platform for
application development and is known as Web 2.0.
• Web 2.0 brings interactivity and flexibility in to Web pages, providing
enhanced user experience by gaining Web-based access to all the
functions that are normally found in desktop applications.
• Web2.0 applications are extremely dynamic: they improve continuously, and
new updates and features are integrated at a constant rate by following the
usage trend of the community.
• There is no need to deploy new software releases on the installed base at the
client side.
• Users can take advantage of the new software features simply by interacting
with cloud applications.
• Examples of Web2.0 applications are Google Documents, Google Maps,
Flickr, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, de.li.cious, Blogger, and Wikipedia. In
particular, social networking Websites take the biggest advantage of Web2.0.
• The level of interaction in Web sites such as Facebook or Flickr would not
have been possible without the support of AJAX, Really Simple Syndication
(RSS), and other tools that make the user experience incredibly interactive.
7. Service-oriented computing(SOC)
• Service orientation is the core reference model for cloud computing
systems.
• This approach adopts the concept of services as the main building
blocks of application and system development.
• Service-oriented computing(SOC) supports the development of rapid,
low-cost, flexible, interoperable, and evolvable applications and
systems.
• A service is an abstraction representing a self-describing and
platform-agnostic component that can perform any function—
anything from a simple function to a complex business process.
• A service is supposed to be loosely coupled, reusable, programming
language independent, and location transparent
• Service-oriented computing introduces and diffuses two important
concepts, which are also fundamental to cloud computing:
Quality of service(QoS)
Software-as-a-Service(SaaS)
8. Utility Oriented Computing
• Utility computing is a vision of computing in which resources such as
storage, compute power, applications, and infrastructure are Packaged and
offered on a pay-per-use basis.
• The idea of providing computing as a utility like natural gas, water, power,
and telephone connection.
• The idea of computing as utility remained and extended from the business
domain to academia with the advent of cluster computing.
• Not only businesses but also research institutes became acquainted with the
idea of leveraging an external IT infrastructure on demand.
• The capillary diffusion of the Internet and the Web provided the
technological means to realize utility computing on a worldwide scale and
through simple interfaces.
• Computing grids brought the concept of utility computing to a new level:
market orientation.
• With utility computing accessible on a wider scale, it is easier to provide a
trading infrastructure where grid products—storage, computation, and
services—are bid for or sold.
• Moreover, ecommerce technologies provided the infrastructure support for
utility computing.
Cloud-enabling technologies
• Cloud-enabling technologies are technologies that allow applications and services
to be deployed and run on cloud computing platforms.
• These technologies provide the necessary infrastructure, tools, and frameworks to
build, deploy, and manage cloud-based applications and services.
• Cloud-enabling technologies are tools, businesses, or applications that help
organizations adopt, migrate, and integrate cloud computing processes.
• Some examples of cloud-enabling technologies include:
1. Virtualization
2. Visualization software
3. Physical servers
4. WAN networks
5. Data center colocation
1. Virtualization:
• A key technology in cloud computing that allows for the on-demand
provisioning of resources.
• (Include previous section points)
2. Visualization software:
• A technology that helps customers adopt cloud models
• These tools allow users to create interactive dashboards and visualizations using
data stored in cloud platforms.
• It makes easy to analyze and interpret complex information from various cloud
sources.
• Example: Tableau, Power BI, Google Data Studio, Looker, Grafana, and
Amazon QuickSight;
3. Physical servers:
• Physical servers in cloud technology are the underlying hardware that powers
cloud computing services.
• While cloud services often emphasize the abstraction from hardware, physical
servers play a critical role in providing the resources that virtual machines and
cloud services rely on.
4. WAN networks:
• A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that connects multiple
locations, including cloud applications and cloud storage, across a large
geographic area
5. Data center colocation:
• Data center colocation is a service where businesses can rent space for their own
servers and other computing hardware in a third-party data center. This allows
companies to benefit from the infrastructure and resources of a professional data
center without having to build and maintain their own facility
• If the question is asked in detailed answers, include concepts of evolution of
computing.
Service and Deployment Models

Service Models Deployment Models

1.Software as a service (SaaS) 1.Private Cloud

2.Platform as a service (PaaS) 2.Public Cloud

3.Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) 3.Community Cloud

4.Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS) 4.Hybrid Cloud

5.Function as a Service (FaaS)

(Detail description is in Unit I.ii PPT)

Popular Cloud Stacks
• There are multiple cloud models, and it’s important to know them apart.
• These types of cloud computing describe exactly what a business can do
with the cloud.
• These are the three distinct categories of cloud computing:
• Software as a Service
• Platform as a Service
• Infrastructure as a Service.

• (Detail description is in Unit I.ii PPT)

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Use cases
• Cloud computing is a powerful way of quickly building I.T infrastructures
that can scale at any time.
• Large businesses and corporations have started moving their operations into
the cloud as early as a decade ago.
• And most of them have attributed their success to their reliance on cloud
services.
• We might be unaware of this, but the cloud powers most of the applications
that we are probably using today.
1. Storage
2. Test and Development
3. Serverless Computing
4. High Performing Applications
5. Infrastructure as a service ( IaaS )
6. AI as a service ( AIaaS )
7. Disaster Recovery Plan
8. Building Fault Tolerant Systems
10. Hybrid IT
1. Storage
• This might be the most common use case for cloud computing.
• Today, replacing local hard drives with cloud-based storage is quickly
becoming the new standard in IT solutions.
• Cloud storage is great for storing large amounts of data as it provides
virtually unlimited storage.
2. Test and Development
• In the cloud, you can switch environments on and off.
• Unlike traditional servers, the cloud lets you create, deploy, and
terminate environments anytime you want.
• You don’t have to wait for a long time for a new environment to be
provisioned.
3. Serverless Computing
• Serverless computing is a cloud architecture that lets you run functions on a
computer managed by cloud service providers like AWS, GCP, and Azure.
• From a client’s perspective, we don’t have to worry about setting up and
provisioning computers.
• Things like system updates, scalability, and high availability are automatically
operated and handled within the cloud.
• Serverless follows the pay-as-you-go model, wherein you only pay for the
time your function is running and the resources it consumes.
• For example, you need to process logs for 5 minutes every week. Unlike in a
traditional setup where the computer has to be running all the time, you will
only get billed for the duration your function runs. That way, not only are you
saving energy, you are also reducing your operating costs.
• So the developers can build and run applications without having to
manage the underlying server infrastructure.
• Cloud provider handles all provisioning, scaling, and maintenance of
servers, allowing developers to focus solely on writing code and paying
only for the exact compute resources used by their applications when
they are actively running.
• Hence there is "no server management" for the developer, even though
servers are still present behind the scenes.
4. High Performing Applications
• High-performing applications are critical to every business.
• Speed matters more than ever.
• Your business is not going to survive in a fast-paced environment if you
have a slow-performing application.
• With the cloud’s help, even a small business can compete with large
organizations in terms of system performance.
• You also do not have to worry about your organization’s growth, as the
cloud is inherently scalable.
5. Infrastructure as a service ( IaaS )
• Choosing the right computer specs and network bandwidth for your business
can be troublesome.
• Let alone the other cost considerations that come with it, like backup storage,
rental expense, and electricity bill.
• The cloud takes all of these burdens from you so you can focus on your
business goals.
• If you plan a startup on the cloud, you can start on a small instance and slowly
add capacity as your business grows.
• If your servers are underutilized, you can shut down some of them to reduce
costs.
• Instead of building and managing your own data center and physical servers,
you can trade your Capital Expenses for Operational Expenses and pay only the
amount you consume.
6. AI as a service ( AIaaS )
• With the help of cloud computing, you don’t have to get a degree in Data
Science to experience the benefits of Artificial Intelligence ( AI ).
• For instance, a web developer could build a facial recognition app using only
his knowledge on web development.
• In the cloud, AI is offered as a service, and it is accessed through the
Application Program Interface ( API ).
• You can use AI to save on time and personnel costs by automating mundane
tasks.
• It can also help businesses make faster and accurate decisions by predicting
outcomes based on previous datasets.
• Examples:Microsoft Azure Cognitive Services, Google Cloud AI, IBM
Watson, Amazon Web Services (AWS) AI Services, OpenAI GPT-3
7. Disaster Recovery Plan
• Let’s say you are running a business on a local data center that you control.
• Your means of protecting customer’s data is by backing it up and sending it
off-site to another location.
• What would happen if your data center was caught on fire, making your
business inoperable? Sure, you can rebuild your I.T infrastructure with the
backed up data, but that would take weeks, or months even.
• In business, every hour lost costs money.
• Just imagine how much it would cost you if you are unable to recover for
months.
• With cloud, your system can withstand any disaster by having a stand-by
I.T infrastructure in a remote data center facility.
• This way, when a disaster happens and affects your operation, you can
quickly recover from it.
8. Building Fault Tolerant Systems
• In 2008, Netflix encountered a devastating loss after running into a
database corruption that stopped their DVD shipments.
• This experience led them into moving their operations center to the
cloud.
• Applications running in the cloud have the ability to continue operating
even in the event of a failure.
• Persisted data in the cloud is replicated. If a server goes down, you can
turn that off and use a replicated copy of it.
9. Security
• You can use the cloud to strengthen your data’s security and integrity.
One of the benefits of moving your applications into the cloud is that
you’ll get access to tightly secured data centers. Also, because the data is
not physically located in your local servers, risks of losing and
compromising the data through theft and poor management are
eliminated.
10. Hybrid IT
• A hybrid cloud solution is a mix between a private network and public
cloud. Shifting into the cloud does not always mean moving your entire
I.T infrastructure. It is possible to operate a system where only the core
components of your business remain on-site and only use the cloud for
running ad hoc tasks.
Benefits- Risks- and Challenges of
Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing has many benefits, including cost savings, scalability, and
collaboration, but it also has some risks and challenges:
Benefits
• Cost savings: Businesses can pay for only the resources they need, which can
reduce capital, operating, and manpower expenses.
• Scalability: Companies can quickly and cost-effectively increase or decrease their
computing resources without making major investments in hardware or
infrastructure.
• Collaboration: Multiple users can work on the same file simultaneously, and teams
can communicate, share, and access data efficiently.
• Reliability: Cloud systems are designed to be highly available, unlike on-premises
systems that are subject to hardware failures, power outages, and software glitches.
Risks and challenges
• Security: Outsourcing sensitive data to a third party can create security
risks. The complexity of the cloud model can also make it difficult to
manage the many security controls.
• Compliance: Companies face compliance with service laws and
regulations when they move their information to the cloud.
• Connectivity issues: Cloud computing can be affected by connectivity
issues.
• Hardware and software restrictions: Cloud computing can be subject
to hardware and software restrictions.
• Potential downtime: Cloud computing can experience potential
downtime