Methods of Research

Definition of Research
• Research is a purposive, systematic and
scientific process of gathering, analyzing,
classifying, organizing, presenting, and
interpreting data for the solution of a
problem, for prediction, for invention, and
for the discovery of truth, all for the
preservation and improvement
of the quality of human life.
 Purposes of Research
• To discover new facts about known
phenomena
• To find answers to problems which are
only partially solved by existing methods
and information
•
Purposes of Research

• To provide basis for decision-making in

business, industry, education,
government, and in other undertakings.
• To improve existing techniques and
develop new instruments or products
 Purposes of Research
• To find answers to queries by means of
scientific methods.
• To extend or verify existing knowledge.
 To satisfy the researcher’s
curiosity.
 5 Elements of Research
Problem
1. Aim or purpose of the problem for investigation.
This answers the question “WHY?”
2. The subject matter or topic to be investigated.
This answers the question :
WHAT?”
3. The place or local where the research is
to be conducted. This answers the
question “WHERE?”
 5 Elements of Research
Problem
4. The period or time of the study during which the
data are to be gathered. This answers the
question “WHEN?”

5. Population or universe from whom the data are

to be collected. This answers the question :
WHO or for WHOM?”
 Guidelines in the Selection of
Research Problem or Topic
• The research problem must be chosen by
the researcher himself.
• It must be within the interest of the
researcher
• It must be within the specialization of
the researcher
• It must be within the competence of
the researcher to tackle.
 Guidelines in the Selection of
Research Problem or Topic
• It must be within the ability of the researcher to
finance.
• It can be completed within a reasonable period
of time unless it is a longitudinal study which
takes a long time for its completion.
• It is significant, important, and relevant to
the present time and situation, timely, and
of current interest.
Guidelines in the Selection of
Research Problem or Topic
• The result are practical and
implementable.
• It requires original, critical, and
reflective thinking to solve it.
• It can be delimited to suit the
resources of the researcher but
should be large enough to be able to
give significant, valid, and reliable
results and generalization.
Guidelines in the Selection of
Research Problem or Topic
• It must contribute to the national
development goals for the improvement of
human life.
• It must contribute to the fund of the human
knowledge.
• It must show or paved the way for the
solution of the problem or problems
intended to be solved.
• It must not undermine the moral and
spiritual values of the people.
Guidelines in the Selection of
Research Problem or Topic
• It must not advocate any change in the
present order of things by means of
violence but by peaceful means.

• There must be a consideration of the

hazards involved, either physical,
social, or legal
 Guidelines in the Selection of
Research Problem or Topic
• It is researchable and manageable, that
is….
• Data are available and accessible
• Data must meet the standards of accuracy,
objectivity, and verifiability
• Answers to the specific questions can be found
• The hypotheses formulated are testable-they can
be accepted or rejected
• Equipment and instruments for research are
available and can give valid and reliable results
 Guidelines in the Selection of
Research Problem or Topic
• There must be a return of some kind to the
researcher….
• Monetary, either increase in salary or
publication of the results in which
there is some kind of royalty
• Advancement of position or
promotion
Guidelines in the Selection of
Research Problem or Topic

• Improved specialization, competence,

and skills in professional work
• Enhance prestige and reputation
• Satisfaction of intellectual curiosity
and interest, and being able to
discover truth.
 The Title
• Guidelines in Writing the Title
– It must be as brief and as concise as
possible
– Avoid using the terms “ an analysis of”,
“a study of”, “investigation of” and the
likes
–If the title contains more than one
line, it must be written in inverted
pyramid
 Sample Title

Communication Practices of Public Information

Office and Community Participation: A Case in
the Selected Municipalities
in Batangas Province
(Maximum of 20 words)
 Introduction

Start the discussion from Macro to Micro

and have a brief and concise discussion of
the occurrence of the problem
 Background of the Study

TELL ALL- (everything about the topic and a

strong rationale why there is a need to
conduct the study)
Statement of the Problem

1. What is the level of performance of Public Information Office in terms of the following functions:

1. basic service delivery to people;

2. information dissemination;

3. giving support to programs, projects and activities;

4. dissemination of information on livelihood matters; and

5. advocacy campaign information?

Supporting Theory / Basis: LGC – Functions of PIO

 3. What is the level of performance of the
students as shown in their final grade in
mathematics.

4. Is there a significant difference between

the teaching competencies of the
respondents when they grouped
according to their profile variable
 5. Is there a significant relation between
the teaching competencies and level of
performance of students.

6. What direction on continuing

education can be pursued to
enhance the teaching competencies thereby
increasing student
performance?
 Theoretical Framework
– The theoretical framework presents the
theory which explains why the problem
under study exists. It helps the
researcher see clearly the variables that
he should measure. It provides the
researcher with the variables
that he should measure.
 Conceptual Framework

Concepts that guides the researches to

understand clearly the problem at
hand.
 Conceptual Framework
All variables should be defined
in terms of how they are to be measured
in the study.
- a central theme of the study
- the focus, the main thrust of the study
- serves as a guide in conducting the
investigation
 Paradigm
a diagrammatic representation of a
conceptual framework. It depicts in a more
vivid way what the conceptual framework
wants to convey.
 Hypothesis/Hypotheses
Statement of Hypothesis
• The hypothesis originates essentially from the
same sources as do problems. It is understood
as: - a statement of one expects to find
- a statement to be proven
-an initial answer to the research question
-an “educated guess”
-an expected relationship between
variables
Scope, Delimitation and
Limitation

Remember the
5W’s and 1H
( Why, What, Where, When, Who or Whom and How)
 Significance of the Study

• from the most benefited downward

 Definition of Terms

Conceptual definition- taken from

books, journals and other related sources
Operational definition- taken
from the context of how the
term is used in the study.
 Related Literatures
• Conceptual Literature
• Local
• Foreign
• Related Studies
• Local
• Foreign
 Importance of Literatures
– They help or guide the researcher in
searching for or selecting a better research
problem or topic.
– They help the researcher understand his topic
for research better.
– They ensure that there will be no
duplication of other studies.
 Importance of Literatures
– They help and guide the researcher in
locating more sources of related information.
– They help and guide the researcher in making
his research design.
– They help guide the researcher in
making comparison between his findings
with the findings of other researchers on
similar studies.
Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies
– The surveyed materials must be as recent as
possible.
– Materials reviewed must be objective and
unbiased and based upon genuinely original
and true facts.
– Materials surveyed must be relevant to
the study.
– Reviewed materials must not be too few
nor too many.
Sources of Related Literature
and Studies
– Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other
similar references.
– Articles published in professional journals,
magazines, periodicals, newspapers, and
other publications.
– Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs,
speeches, letters and diaries
- Unpublished theses and dissertations
- The Constitution, the laws and the
statutes of the land
Sources of Related Literature
and Studies
– Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating
from government offices and departments,
especially from the Office of the President of
the Philippines, and DepEd and CHED
– Records of Schools, public or private,
especially reports of their activities
– Reports from seminars and conferences
– Official reports of all kinds, educational,
social, economic, scientific,
technological, political and etc.
Where to locate the sources

– Libraries of different colleges and universities

that offers the same or related specializations

– Government and Private offices

– - National Library

– Electronic Sources
 Synthesis

– Spell out the similarities and differences of

present study to the past studies in terms of
• Focus or variables
• Locale or place of origin
• Methodology
• Instrument
• Statistical Treatment
Findings/Conclusions
 Definition of Terms

Conceptual definition- taken from

books, journals and other related sources
Operational definition- taken
from the context of how the
term is used in the study.
 Research Method and
Procedures

Research Environment (optional)

Research Design
Subject/Respondent of the Study
Data Gathering Instrument
Construction
 Validation
Administration
Scoring of Responses
 Research Method and
Procedures

-Data Gathering Procedure

-Statistical Treatment of Data
Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
All gathered data should be presented
based on the objectives. Presentation
can be tabular and textual or graphical
and textual. Every data presented
should be accompanied with the proper
analysis and interpretation.
 Summary, Findings, Conclusions
and Recommendations
Summary- brief background of the problem
that includes the general objectives and
the specific objectives of the study
Findings- there must be one findings for
every stated objectives
Conclusions- there must be
one conclusion for every stated
objective and findings.
Recommendations- based
from the over- all findings in
Research Format
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM
-Introduction
-Background of the Study
-Statement of the Problem
-Theoretical Framework
-Conceptual Framework
 Continuation of Chapter I
- Hypothesis/es
- Scope, Delimitation and Limitation
(5W’s and 1H)
- Significance of the Study
(from the most benefited downward)
- Definition of Terms
 Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

- Conceptual Literature

- Research Literature/ Related

Studies
(synthesis)
 Chapter III
Research Method and Procedures
-Research Environment
(optional)
- Research Design
-Respondent/Subject of the Study
- Sampling Design
Continuation of Chapter III
-Data Gathering Instrument
Construction of Questionnaire
Validation of Questionnaire
Administration of Questionnaire
Scoring of Responses

- Data Gathering Procedures

- Statistical Treatment Data
 Chapter IV

Presentation, Analysis and

Interpretation of Data
 Chapter V

Summary, Findings, Conclusions and

Recommendations
Thank You
and Have a
Good Day!