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Steel Structure Lec # 14 (Analysis of Flexural Members )

The document discusses the stability of flexural members, particularly focusing on lateral-torsional buckling and local buckling in beams. It explains the importance of bracing to prevent instability and classifies cross-sectional shapes based on width-thickness ratios. Additionally, it outlines the bending strength of compact shapes and the relationship between nominal strength and unbraced length in beam design.

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31 views38 pages

Steel Structure Lec # 14 (Analysis of Flexural Members )

The document discusses the stability of flexural members, particularly focusing on lateral-torsional buckling and local buckling in beams. It explains the importance of bracing to prevent instability and classifies cross-sectional shapes based on width-thickness ratios. Additionally, it outlines the bending strength of compact shapes and the relationship between nominal strength and unbraced length in beam design.

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basit
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA

STEEL STRUCTURES (CT-313)


(B.S TECHNOLOGY)

LECTURE-40, 41 & 42

FLEXURAL MEMBERS………….

Engineer Aqeel Ahmed


Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department
CET, UOS, Sargodha
STABILITY
• If a beam can be counted on to remain stable up to the fully plastic condition, the
nominal moment strength can be taken as the plastic moment capacity; that is,

• Otherwise Mn will be less than Mp.


• As with compression member the instability can be in an overall sense or it can
be local.
• Overall buckling is illustrated in figure 5.9a. When a beam bends, the
compression region (above the neutral axis) is analogous to a column and in a
manner similar to a column, it will buckle if the member is slender enough.
• Unlike a column, however, the compression portion of the cross-section is
restrained by the tension portion and the outward deflection (Flexural buckling )
is accompanied by twisting (torsion).
STABILITY………
• This form of instability is called Lateral-torsional Buckling (LTB).
• Lateral Torsional buckling can be prevented by bracing the beam against twisting at
sufficiently close intervals.
• This can be accomplished with either of two types of stability bracing: Lateral
Bracing illustrated schematically in figure 5.9b and torsional bracing represented in
figure 5.9 c.
• Lateral bracing, which prevents lateral translation should be applied as close to the
compression flange as possible.
• Torsional bracing prevents twist directly; it can be either nodal or continuous and it
can take the form of either cross frames or diaphragms.
• Whether the beam can sustain a moment large enough to bring it to the fully plastic
condition also depends on whether the cross-sectional integrity is maintained.
STABILITY…………
• This integrity will be lost if one of the compression element of the cross-section
buckles.
• Thus type of buckling can be either compression flange buckling called flange
local buckling (FLB), or buckling of the compression part of the web called Web
Local Buckling (WLB).
• As discussed in compression members, whether either type of local buckling
occurs will depend on the width to thickness ratios of the compression elements
of the cross-section.
• Figure 5.1 further illustrates the effect of local and lateral-torsional buckling.
• Five separate beams are represented on this graph if load versus central
deflection.
STABILITY…………
• Curve 1 is load-deflection curve of beam that becomes unstable (in anyway) and
loses its load carrying capacity before first yield (see figure 5.3 b) is attained.
• Curves 2 and 3 correspond to beams that can be loaded past first yield but not so
far enough for the formation of a plastic hinge and resulting into the plastic
collapse.
• If plastic collapse can be reached, the load deflection curve will have appearance
of either the curve 4 or 5.
• Curve 4 is for the case of uniform moment over the full length of the beam and
curve 5 is for a beam with a variable bending ,moment (moment gradient)
• Safe designs can be achieved with beams corresponding to any of these curves
but curves 1 and 2 represent inefficient use of material.
CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
• AISC classifies cross-sectional shapes as compact, non compact, or slender
depending on the values of the width-thickness ratios
• For I-shapes, the ratio for the projecting flange (an unstiffened element) is

and the ratio for the web (a stiffened web) is


• The classification of shapes is found in Section B4 of the specification, “Local
Buckling” in Table B4.1. it cab ne summarized as follows:
CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES…….
BENDING STRENGTH OF
COMPACT SHAPES
• A Beam can fail by reaching M and becoming fully plastic or, it can fail by
p
1. Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB), either elastically or in elastically.
2. Flange Local Buckling (FLB), elastically or in elastically ;
3. Web Local Buckling (WLB), elastically or in elastically.
• If the maximum bending stress is less than proportional limit when buckling occurs,
the failure is said to be elastic otherwise it is inelastic.
• For convenience, we first recognize beams as compact, non compact or slender and
then determine the moment resistance based on the degree of lateral support.
• The discussion in this section applies to two types of beams
(1) Hot-rolled I shapes bent about the strong axis and loaded in the plane of weak
axis
(2) Channels bent about the strong axis and either loaded through the shear center
or
restrained against twisting.
BENDING STRENGTH OF
COMPACT SHAPES….
• The shear center is the point on the cross section through which a transverse load
must pass if the beam is to bend without twisting.
• Emphasis will be on I-shapes. C-shapes are different only in that the width to
thickness ratio of the flange is rather than .
• We begin with compact shapes, defined as those whose webs are continuously
connected with flange and that satisfy the following width-thickness ratio
requirements for the flange and web.

• The web criterion is met by all standard I and C shapes listed in the manual for
Fy < 65Ksi; therefore in most cases only the flange ratio need to be checked.
BENDING STRENGTH OF
COMPACT SHAPES….
• The built up welded I-shapes can have non-compact slender webs.
• Most shapes will also satisfy the flange requirement and will therefore be
classified as compact.
• The non-compact shapes are identified dimension and properties table with a
footnote (Footnote F).
• Note that compression members have different criterion than flexural members
so a shape could be compact for flexure but slender for compression.
• If the beam is compact and has continuous lateral support or if the unbraced
length is very short, the nominal moment strength or if the unbraced length is
very short, the nominal strength Mn is the full plastic moment capacity of the
shape, Mp.
• For members with inadequate lateral support, the moment resistance is limited
by the lateral-torsional buckling strength either inelastic or elastic.
• The approach discussed earlier can be used, when designing compact laterally
supported shapes.
• The moment strength of compact shapes is a function of the unbraced length, Lb,
defined as the distance between points of lateral support or bracing.
• Here, we indicate the points of lateral support with an “X”, as shown in figure
5.12 .
• The relationship between nominal strength, Mn and the unbraced length is
shown in figure 5.13.
• If the unbraced length is no greater than Lp to be defined presently, the beam is
considered to have full lateral support and Mn=Mp.
• If the Lb, is greater than Lp but less than or equal to Lr parameter the strength is
based on inelastic LTB.
• If Lb, is greater than Lr, the strength is based on elastic LTB.

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