COMPUTER

HISTORY
 EARLIST COMPUTING TOOLS

SAND TABLES
a sand table consist of
the three grooves in the
sand with a maximum of 10
pebble in each groove.
 EARLIST COMPUTING TOOLS

ABACUS
The word abacus was
derived from the Arabic word
“abaq” which means dust. An
abacus consist of sliding beads
arranged on the rack, which has
two parts: upper and a lower.
 EARLIST COMPUTING TOOLS

NAPIER BONES
In 1614, John Napier, a
scottish mathematician, made
more sophisticated computing
machine called Napier Bones.
This was a small instrument
made of 10 rods on which the
 EARLIST COMPUTING TOOLS

SLIDE RULE
It was based on the principle
that actual distances from the
starting point of the rule is
directly proportional to the
logarithm f the numbers printed
on the rule.
 Who are the
contributors of the
Generation-Mechanical
Era in Computer
Generation?
Blaise Pascal
In 1642, a French
mathematician, Scientist
and philosopher,
invented the first
functional automatic
 Pascaline
It had a complex
arrangement of wheels,
gears and windows of
displaying numbers.
In 1694, a German
mathematician extended
the Pascal’s design to
perform multiplication and
division to find square
In 1801, a French textile
weaver, invented a power
loom with an automatic
card reader.
Charles Babbage
 A British Mathematics
professor, regarded as the
father of Computer.
 He was born in England in
1792 as the son of a rich
banker from Devon.
Charles Babbage
 He inspired by Napier’s
logarithm tables and Napier’s
logs and bones.
 He began to design a “difference
engine” in 1821 which was a
very large and complicated
machine intended for doing
Charles Babbage
Herman Hollerith
 Invented one of the first
commercial machines which
used punch card to tabulate
and process the data collected
in the United States census.
Howard Aiken
 An American Mathematician,
 under the sponsorship of IBM,
developed MARK-1. It was
essentially a serial collection of
electromechanical calculators
and had many similarities to
Babbage’s Analytic machine.
There are five generations
of computers:
1. First Generation (1946-1955)
2. Second Generation (1956-1965)
3. Third Generation (1966-1975)
4. Fourth Generation (1976-1985)
5. Fifth Generation (1986-onward)
First Generation
(1946-1955)
 First Generation

The First-generation electronic

computer Mark 1 and other of
this time were made
possible by the invention
of Vacuum Tubes which
was the triangle glass device
that could control and amplify Vacuum Tubes
electronic signals.
 First Generation

Vacuum Tubes
large bulb-like
elements which
used filaments
and plates
enclosed in a
glass vacuumed
 First Generation

ENIAC
 Electronic Numeric
Integrator and Calculator
 It was the first electronic
digital computer.
 First Generation

ENIAC
 It uses about 18,000 vacuum
tubes.
 It was too much large.
 This was very hard to read
and write programs by every
person.
Represents the very early,
primitive computer
languages that consisted
entirely of 1’s and 0’s-the
actual language that the
computer understands.
This language is also
known as Binary
Language.
 First Generation
ADVANTAG
1.Vacuum tubes were the only
ESelectronic component available
during those days.
2.Vacuum tubes technology made
possible.
3.These computers were the fastest
calculating device of that time they
could perform a calculation in
milliseconds.
 First Generation
ADVANTAG
4. First-generation of computer runs
ESthe batch
on processing
operating system.
5. This generation used Punch
Cards, Paper tape and Magnetic
tape.
6. This generation used Machine
code as the
 First Generation
DISADVANTAG
ES
1.Too bulk in size.
2.Need AC.
3.No portable.
4.Limited field used.
 First Generation
DISADVANTAG
ES
4. Slow input and output
devices.
5. Consumed a large amount of
electricity.
6. These computers
maintenance is required.
 First Generation
DISADVANTAG
ES
8. These generations of
computer were very
costly.
9. Commercial production
was difficult and costly.
 First Generation
DISADVANTAG
ESFirst-generation computers were
10.
very large in size, and weight
approximately 30 tons.
11. Thousands of vacuum tubes
that were used emitted a large
amount of heat and burn out
frequency.
Second Generation
(1956-1965)
 Second Generatio

It was manufactured in using a

Transistor instead of vacuum
tubes.
It is more powerful, more
reliable, and less expensive
true operated then the first-
generation computer.
 Second Generatio

It was invented by JOHN

WALTER BRATTEIN and
BILL SHOCKLEY in 1947.
TRANSISTORS is a solid
state device that acts as a
switch. It gave off less heat
and used less power than
vacuum tubes.
 Second Generatio

The Transistors were smaller

than the vacuum tube, and the
Transistors were much faster
than the vacuum tube in speed.
The computers used batch
processing and multi-
programming operating system.
Second Generatio
 Second Generatio
ADVANTAG
ES
1.Used Transistors steeds of the
vacuum tube.
2.Smaller in size and use less
power.
3.Has less heat production rate.
 Second Generatio
ADVANTAG
ES
4. Comparatively faster and re-table.
5. Cheaper than the first generation of
computer.
6. These computers could perform any
calculation in microseconds, and
their speed was fast.
 Second Generatio
DISADVANTAG
ES
1. Air conditioning is required.
2. Maintenance was always required.
3. Commercial production was difficult
and costly.
4. This computer was used in a
particular purpose.
Third Generation
(1966-1975)
 Third Generation

Third generation of computer

advantage in electronic
technology communicated and
advantage of microelectronics
technology may it possible to an
integrated a large number of
circuits elements into the very
Integrated Circuit (IC
small surface of silicon known as
a chip.
 Third Generation

This new technology was

called the Integrated
Circuit (IC) were invented
by Robert Noyce and Jack
Kilby.
 Third Generation
Examples
 IBM 7094
 IBM 1620
 CDC 1604
 CDC 3600
 UNIVAC1108
 Honeywell 400
 Third Generation
ADVANTAG
1. Cheaper than the older computer.
ES
2. Can be easily replaced and
maintained.
3. A decrease in size and weight.
4. The mouse and keyboard were
used for input.
5. This generation of computer very
fast and resalable.
 Third Generation
ADVANTAG
ES These
6. Generation of
computer consumed
less electricity.
7. These generations of
computer support high-level
language.
 Third Generation
ADVANTAG
8.
ES The generation of this
computer had the capacity to
store large data.
9. This generation's computer
was much faster than the first
and second- generation
computers.
 Third Generation
DISADVANTA
GES
1. Air conditioning is required.
2. Integrated Circuit (IC) Chips are
difficult to maintain.
3. These generations of computer
were a very costly computer.
Fourth Generation
(1976-1985)
 Fourth Generation

The 4th generation of computer

used Microprocessor
Technology. It becomes possible
to integrate up to a hundred
components into a single chip.
This technology can be known as
Medium-Scale Integrated(M.S.I).
Microprocessor
 Fourth Generation

Microprocessors is a circuit
containing millions of
transistors. It is built onto
a single piece of silicon,
known as chip. It is about
0.5cm along one side and
not ore than 0.05cm thick.
 Fourth Generation
Examples
 DEC10
 STAR 1000
 PDP11
 CRAY-1(Supercomputer)
 CRAY-X –MP (Supercomputer)
 Fourth Generation
ADVANTAG
ES
1. Work with great speed.
2. Increase memory capacity.
3. A decrease in size and weight.
4. Very little maintenance is required.
5. Low in cost effort able to the common
man.
6. Used microchips with technical know
as V.LS.T.
 Fourth Generation
ADVANTAG
ESNo AC is required
7. when we use the
computer.
8. These generation of a computer were
portable and reliable.
9. These generations of computer
produce too low amount of heat.
10. All types of high-level languages
support this type of computer.
 Fourth Generation
ADVANTAG
ES
11. Efficiently increased due to
operating system and programming
language.
12. This computer is capable of
performing any calculation faster
than the previous generation.
 Fourth Generation
DISADVANTAG
ESAdvanced technology is required to
1.
make the IC.
2. Design and manufacture of
microprocessors are very
difficult.
3. Air conditioning is required in many
cases due to the presence of IC.
Fifth Generation
(1986-onward)
 Fifth Generation

 5th Generation of computer is based on

Artificial Intelligence.
 This generation uses Ultra Large-Scale
Integration (ULSI) technology. It is used to make the
microprocessor chip. This chip contains ten million
electronic components.
 This technology works on a parallel processing
system, Google search engine also uses this
technology.
 Fifth Generation

 This Generation of a computer used high

level language like - c, c++, java
and .Net and etc.
 It is made than a very useful of multimedia
applications (Text, graphics, audio, video
and animation).
 Fifth Generation
Examples:
Desktop
Laptop
Notebook
Ultrabook
Chrome book
 Fifth Generation
ADVANTAGES
1. It is available in different sizes and
more features.
2. They are the fastest and powerful
computers to date.
3. This technology works on a parallel
processing system.
4. This generation of computer available
at a cheaper price.
 Fifth Generation
ADVANTAGES
5. They are versatile for
communications and
resource sharing.
6. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
technology used in the fifth
generation.
 Fifth Generation
ADVANTAGES
7. The computers of this generation
are available in every size and with
unique features.
8. It provides computers with more
user-friendly interfaces and more
much multimedia features.
QUIZ 2
 Part I
Multiple Choice (10 items)
1. It is an earliest computing
device that consists of three
grooves in the sand with a
maximum of 10 pebbles in
each groove.

Sand tables Abacus

Napier Bones
2. It is a computing tool that
made of strip of ivory bones.

Sand tables Abacus

Napier Bones
3. It is an earliest
computing device that
consists of sliding beads
arranged on a rack, which
has two parts: the upper
and lower.
Sand tables Abacus
Napier Bones
 4. He is a
mathematician who
invented the a
sophisticated
computing
Robert Napier
machine
Napier Brown
called napier bones.
John Napier
5. It was based on the
principle that actual
distances from the starting
point of the rule is directly
proportional to the
logarithm f the numbers
Sand tables
printed Abacus
on the rule.
Slide Rule
6. It had a complex
arrangement of wheels,
gears and windows of
displaying numbers.
Napier Bones Pascaline
Slide Rule
7. A British
Mathematics professor,
regarded as the father
of Computer.
Charles Babbage Herman Hollerith

Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz

 8. In 1694, a German
mathematician extended the
Pascal’s design to perform
multiplication and division to
find square root.

Charles Babbage Herman Hollerith

Gottfried Wilhem von Leibniz

9. In 1642, a French
mathematician, Scientist
and philosopher, invented
the first functional
automatic calculator.
Blaise Pascal Herman Hollerith

Joseph Marie Jacquard

10. Invented one of the first
commercial machines which
used punch card to tabulate
and process the data
collected in the United States
census.
Blaise Pascal Herman Hollerith

Joseph Marie Jacquard

 Part II
True or False (10 items)
 TRUE OR FALSE

1.Mainframe computers are

designed to support hundreds
or thousands of users
simultaneously.
 TRUE OR FALSE

2. A workstation lies between

the mainframe and micro
computer as it is smaller than
mainframe but larger than a
micro-computer.
 TRUE OR FALSE

3.Roger Cray developed the

first supercomputer on 1986.
 TRUE OR FALSE
4. Supercomputers are particularly
used in scientific and engineering
application such as weather
forecasting, scientific simulations
and nuclear energy research.
 TRUE OR FALSE
5.Digital computer is designed to
perform calculations and
logical operations at low
speed.
 TRUE OR FALSE
6. In generations of computer
Second Generation is
between 1956 to 1965.
 TRUE OR FALSE
7. The First-generation electronic
computer Mark 1 and other of
this time were made possible
by the invention of Vacuum
Tubes.
 TRUE OR FALSE
8. ENIAC was the first
electronic digital
computer.
 TRUE OR FALSE
9. In generations of computer Fifth
Generation is between
1985 onwards.
 TRUE OR FALSE
10. Third generation of computer
advantage in electronic
technology communicated and
advantage of microelectronics
technology.
 Part III
Identification(5 items)
 IDENTIFICATION
1. What is the other term
of microcomputers
that designed for
individual use?
 IDENTIFICATION

2. Who developed the

first supercomputer?
 IDENTIFICATION

3. What type of
computer that has a
large amount of RAM
and high speed
adapter?
 ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFICATION

4. What do you call of a

midsize multiprocessing
computer?
ACTIVITY 1: IDENTIFICATION

5. What is the biggest

and fastest computers?
 TRUE OR FALSE

5.Digital computer is designed

to perform calculations and
logical operations at low
speed.