4 : Termokimia

4.1 Perubahan tenaga Dalam Tindakbalas Kimia

Tenaga dibebaskan atau diserap semasa tindakbalas kimia.

Tenaga ini dalam bentuk HABA.

Semasa Tindakbalas kimia,Penyusunan zarah berlaku dan

melibatkan
Pemecahan ikatan
Pembentukan ikatan
Terdapat 2 jenis tindak balas kimia

Tindak balas eksotermik

Tindak balas endotermik

 Perubahan tenaga dalam tindak balas kimia

TINDAK BALAS EKSOTERMIK

tindak balas dimana haba dibebaskan

ke sekeliling semasa tindak balas berlaku.

suhu persekitaran meningkat

Pembakaran metana

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O + Haba

Tindak balas antara magnesium dan asid hidroklorik

Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2 + Haba

Tindak balas antara asid dan alkali ( peneutralan )

HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O + Haba

 Perubahan tenaga dalam tindak balas kimia

Tindak balas endotermik

tindakbalas yang menyerap haba daripada sekeliling

tindak balas endotermik, suhu persekitaran menurun .

Examples of endothermic reactions

Thermal decomposition of lead(II) nitrate

xxxxxxxxx
2Pb(NO3)2  2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

Thermal decomposition of Zinc carbonate.

xxxxxxxxx
ZnCO3  ZnO + CO2

Dissolving ammonium salts in water

NH4Cl + water  NH4Cl

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Energy Changes In Chemical Reactions

Energy level diagram

In exothermic reactions, heat energy is released

to the surrounding.
Thus the products will have lower energy
content than the reactants.
The heat released causes a rise in temperature
of the surrounding.

In endothermic reactions, heat energy is

absorbed from the surrounding.
As the heat is absorbed from the surrounding,
the temperature of the surrounding falls.
Thus the energy content of the products is
higher than the reactants.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

4.2 Heat Of Precipitation

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Precipitation

Heat of precipitation

Is the heat energy change when one mole of precipitate is formed from
its ions.

Energy change = mc θ

In which,
m = the mass of the aqueous reaction mixture
c = the specific heat capacity of the aqueous reaction mixture
θ = the change in temperature

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Precipitation

Determining the heat of precipitation of silver chloride

1. 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution is measured using a 50 ml measuring
cylinder and then poured into a polystyrene cup.

2. The initial temperature of the solution is recorded using a thermometer.

3. The measuring cylinder is washed and rinsed with the sodium chloride solution.

4. Then 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution is measured using the measuring cylinder.
Its initial temperature is recorded.

5. The sodium chloride solution is poured into the silver nitrate solution.

6. The mixture is stirred using the thermometer and the maximum temperature of the
mixture is recorded.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Precipitation

Determining the heat of precipitation of silver chloride

Initial temperature of AgNO3(aq) solution : 28.0 oC

Initial temperature of NaCl(aq) solution : 28.0 oC
Maximum temperature of mixture : 32.0 oC

Calculation
Energy Level Diagram
a. Average initial temperature of solution = 28 ooC
Rise in temperature of mixture is (32 - 28) = 4 ooC
b. Heat given out during reaction is mc θ = (25 + 25)(4.2)(4) Joule = 840 J
= 0.84 kJ
0.2 25
c. Number of moles of NaCl used is = 0.005 mole
1000
d. 0.005 mole of NaCl reacts with 0.005 mole of AgNO33 releases 0.84 kJ of heat.
Therefore if 1 mole of reactants react, the heat energy released
1
= x 0.84 kJ = 168 kJ.
0.005
Heat of precipitation of silver chloride,  H = -168 kJ mol-1-1

e. Ionic equation for reaction : Ag+(aq) + Cl--(aq)  AgCl(s)

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 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

4.3 Heat Of Displacement

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 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Displacement

Heat of displacement

Is the heat energy change when one mole of metal is displaced from its
salt solution by a more electropositive metal.

Energy change = mc θ

In which,
m = the mass of the aqueous reaction mixture
c = the specific heat capacity of the aqueous reaction mixture
θ = the change in temperature

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Displacement

Determining the heat of displacement of copper - Procedure

1. 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution is measured using a measuring
cylinder and then poured into a plastic cup.

2. The initial temperature of the copper(II) sulphate solution is taken.

3. 1 gram of zinc powder (excess) is then poured into the CuSO 4 solution.

4. The mixture is stirred and the maximum temperature is recorded.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Displacement

Determining the heat of displacement of copper

Initial temperature of CuSO4(aq) solution = 28.0 °C

Maximum temperature of mixture = 36.0 °C

Calculation Energy Level Diagram

1. Rise in temperature =(36 - 28) = 8oC

2. Heat given out during reaction, mc  = (50)(4.2)(8) Joule = 1680 J = 1.68 kJ

0.2 X 50
3. Number of moles of CuSO4 used = = 0.01 mole
1000
4. 0.01 mole of CuSO4 reacts with zinc to release 1.68 kJ of heat. Therefore if 1 mole of
reactants react, the heat energy released is
1 x 1.68 kJ = 168 kJ.
0.01
Heat of displacement of copper,  H = -168 kJ mol-1

5. Ionic equation for reaction : Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq)  Cu(s) + Zn2+ (aq)

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

4.4 Heat Of Neutralization

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 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Neutralization

Heat of neutralization

Is the heat energy released when one mole of water is formed from the
neutralization between one mole of hydrogen ions, H+ from an acid and
one mole of hydroxide ions, OH- from an alkali.

Energy change = mc θ

In which,
m = the mass of the aqueous reaction mixture
c = the specific heat capacity of the aqueous reaction mixture
θ = the change in temperature

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Neutralization

Determining the heat of neutralisation between a strong acid and a strong alkali

1. 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide is measured using a 100 ml measuring cylinder
and poured into a plastic cup.

2. The initial temperature of the sodium hydroxide is determined using a thermometer.

3. The measuring cylinder is washed with water and then rinsed with the hydrochloric acid
solution.

4. 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is measured using a 100 ml measuring cylinder.
Its initial temperature is recorded.

5. The HCl solution is then poured into the NaOH solution.

6. The mixture is stirred and the maximum temperature attained is recorded.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Neutralization

Determining the heat of neutralisation between a strong acid and a strong alkali

Initial temperature of NaOH solution = 28.0 oC

Initial temperature of HCl solution = 28.0 oC
Maximum temperature of mixture = 41.4 oC

Calculation Energy Level Diagram

1. Average initial temperature of reactants is = 28 oC

Rise in temperature during reaction is (41.4 - 28) = 13.4 oC.

2. Heat given out during reaction is mcθ = (50 + 50)(4.2)(13.4) Joule

= 5628 J
= 5.628 kJ
2.0 50
3. Number of moles of NaOH used = = 0.1 mole
1000
4. 0.1 mole of NaOH reacts with 0.1 mole of HCl releases 5.628 kJ of heat.
Therefore if 1 mole of reactants react, the heat energy released is
1
0.1 x 5.628 kJ = 56.28 kJ.
Heat of neutralisation,  H = -56.28 kJ mol-1

5. Ionic equation for reaction : H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(I)

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Neutralization

The heat of neutralisation involving a weak acid and a weak alkali

• A strong acid and a strong alkali ionizes completely in water.

HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
KOH(aq)  K+(aq) + OH-(aq)

• When these solutions are added together the only change that occurs is the formation of water molecules.
K+OH-(aq) + H+Cl-(aq)  K+Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)

• Hence the heat of neutralization is the heat released from the formation of 1 mole of water and
its value is approximately 57.4 kJ mol -1.
H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l) H= -57.4 kJ mol-1

• Hence the heat of neutralization of any strong acid and strong alkali is the same. For
example
Na+OH-(aq) + H+NO3-(aq)  Na+NO3-(aq) + H2O(l) H= -57.4 kJ mol-1

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Neutralization

The heat of neutralisation involving a weak acid and a weak alkali

However when weak acids or alkalis are involved, the heat of neutralization is
lower than 57.4 kJ mol-1.

These weak acids or alkalis are partially dissociated in water.

Some energy is needed to break the -O-H bonds to release the hydrogen ions
or the hydroxide ions before they can react.

Thus the net heat change will be less than 57.4 kJ/mol. For example the heat
of neutralization of ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide is only 54 kJ mol -1.

Heat energy is required to break

this O-H bond before the H+ can
react with the OH- to form water.
Thus the net heat change is less
than 57 kJ mol .

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

4.5 Heat Of Combustion

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Combustion

Heat of combustion

Is the heat given off when one mole of a substance is burnt completely in
an excess of oxygen, O2.

Energy change = mc θ

In which,
m = the mass of the aqueous reaction mixture
c = the specific heat capacity of the aqueous reaction mixture
θ = the change in temperature

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Combustion

Determining the heat of heat of combustion of ethanol

1. A spirit lamp containing ethanol is weighed accurately.

2. 100 cm3 of water is measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into a metal can.

3. The metal can is placed on a clay-pipe triangle supported by a tripod stand. The initial temperature of the water is recorded.

4. The spirit lamp is lit and placed below the metal can.

5. The can is heated until the temperature of the water rises by about 50oC.

6. The flame is put out and the final temperature of the water recorded.

7. The spirit lamp is weighed again.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5
 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Combustion

Determining the heat of combustion of ethanol

Initial temperature of water = 28.0oC

Final temperature of water = 80.0oC
Mass of spirit lamp before combustion = 105.25 g
Mass of spirit lamp after combustion = 105.98 g

Calculation Energy Level Diagram

1. Rise in temperature is (80 - 28) = 52oC

Mass of ethanol burnt is (105.98 - 105.25) = 0.73 gram

2. Heat given out during reaction is mc = (100)(4.2)(52) Joule

= 21840 kJ
= 21.84 kJ

3. 0.73 gram of ethanol burnt releases 21.84 kJ of heat.

Therefore 1 mole of ethanol, C 2H5OH (46 g) burnt will release
46x 21.84 kJ of heat = 1376.2 kJ of heat
0.73
Heat of combustion of ethanol,  H = -1376.2 kJ mol-1

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Combustion

Sources of non-renewable energy

Natural gas Petroleum Coal

Disadvantages

Burning of fossil fuels releases acidic gases like

sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide which
dissolve in rain water to form acid rain. Acid rain
corrodes metals, concrete and destroys forests.

CO2 released during combustion causes green

house effect. The temperature of the earth increases.
Lakes will dry up and more incidences of skin
diseases occur.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 4 Thermochemistry
Heat Of Combustion

Sources of renewable energy

Advantage
No adverse effects on
environment and humans.

Biofuel

Solar

Geothermal

Disadvantage Hydroelectric
• Energy generated from the sun and wind
depends on their intensity.
• At night, we cannot generate solar energy.
Wind
• On a calm day, the wind generator cannot generate electrical energy.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

The End

i - Teach